賨人的華夏化歷程──以宕渠李氏家族的族群身分為中心

The Sinicization the Zong People in Early China: An Examination of the Ethnic Identity of the Lee Family in the Dang-Qu Regions

本文聚焦在建立成漢政權的賨人李氏家族，探討他們在三、四世紀的遷徙過程中，歷經華夏化的歷程後，他們的族群身分是如何保存，如何彰顯，從中試圖勾勒動態且多樣的面相。本文認為賨人李氏家族儘管著籍於略陽，但直到西晉末年與六郡人士和氐人一同南下避亂時，李氏家族對內仍然維持著「賨人」的族群認同與歷史記憶，對外則使用「巴氐」、「巴人」的稱號。且這些非華夏族群的身分皆被當時人所認知，並未完全被掩蓋。這不但是因為李氏家族仍維持與其他賨人之間的婚姻關係，族群身分也成為獲得同樣是賨人且為道教領袖范長生奧援的重要因素。儘管在華夏化的過程中，李氏家族曾加入西晉的軍事體系以及州郡政府之中，且成漢政權還是模仿魏晉政權的政治組織而來，但賨人的宗教信仰和婚姻關係，使得李氏家族和其他賨人得以在大成政權建立之初，仍佔據政權的中樞位置。同一時期，有些北遷至華北的巴人仍維持部落組織，使得前趙政權必須透過部落酋長進行統治，或只能以爵號羈縻之。可說包括賨人在內各種巴人在經歷魏晉時期的統治，仍呈現出多樣的組織型態、統治方式與族群認同，正說明南方族群經歷華夏化後的複雜面貌。

This article surveys the various ethnic identities that were assumed by the Lee family of the Dang-Qu regions. The Lee family in question were Zong people who migrated from the Ba region (in modern-day Chongqing) to northern China during the last years of the Eastern Han dynasty. After registering in Lueyang County (略陽郡), they underwent a gradual process of sinicization. During last years of Western Jin dynasty, the Lee family, together with the Di people, moved south again to the Chengdu Plain. Since they lived alongside the Di, to outsiders they were identified collectively as the Ba-Di peoples. But as the Lee family assumed a leading position among the refugee groups, they began to trace their past lineage and to identify themselves as members of the Zong people. This process of self-identification with the Zong intensified after they formed marriage alliances with other members of the Zong. The help they received from Fan Changsheng (范長生), a Taoist leader and a prominent member of the Zong people, further hastened their sense of self-identification with the Zong. By looking at the Lee family in detail, this article shows the complex nature of sinicization during this period: the predominant Han Chinese were able to rule over minority groups by dealing directly with their chiefs or leaders; at the same time, minority groups were able to keep their self-identity by maintaining their own religion and through marriage alliances with other members of the same minority group.