運動電影的男性氣概論述分析──以「Kano」為對象

A discourse analysis on masculinity in sports films: A case of sports film“Kano”

緒論：運動是性別分明的場域，是展現男性氣概的重要平台，因此是探討性別關係、男性權力，以及開創新性別空間的途徑。當今視覺媒介中的運動電影，是瞭解運動與性別議題的重要窗口，被視為一部男性氣概實踐的文本。方法：本研究透過論述分析的應用，其一，分析運動電影上的性別陳述，即運動電影作為性別文本的論述形構，其二，解析運動電影中男性氣概的權力實踐，即運動男性氣概的論述實踐。至於研究對象選擇「Kano」這部運動電影，其獨特之處不僅在於這部電影，在臺灣電影發展上的地位，也來自於其以棒球作為背景，在大眾以「國球」的稱呼之下，對現今臺灣人的特殊情感。結果：針對運動電影「Kano」的研究，在性別的論述形構上，提出運動角色的二元化、運動特質的性別化、運動表現的陽剛化、運動體系的專業化，及運動成就的國族化五個向度，形構出一套性別差異的文本陳述。在運動男性氣概的論述實踐上，解析多面向的動態實踐傾向，提出團隊情誼的極致化、運動成就的卓越化、人格特質的神人化、運動舞台的神聖化、身體能力的表演化，及運動經驗的昇華化六個面向，以多元/複合的組態形式實踐著男性權力。結論：性別行為的影響已產生在媒體空間，針對媒體上的消費經驗，勢必對性別認同產生重大的改變，是值得重視的後續研究方向。

Introduction: Sports are predominantly played by men and are a great “platform” for men to showcase their masculinity, making the films a means to investigate gender relationships and male power as well as gain gender-related understanding and viewed as text for the practice of masculinity. Sports films in media are a major means for people to understand sport and gender issues and to demonstrate gender relation and masculinity. Methods: This study performed a discourse analysis to (a) analyze gender-related discourse in sports films, that is, to perform an analysis on the discursive formation through which sports films viewed as the discursive formation of gender-related text; and (b) how male power is realized through sports films, that is, how the discursive practice of masculinity in sports created male power. Results: The sports film “Kano” was selected for this case study because of its status in Taiwanese film development and baseball being a national pastime in Taiwan, as its main story. After examining the film, this study proposed five dimensions that contributed to gender differences. They were “the duality of sports,” “the ‘gendering’ of sports characteristics,” “the masculinity of sports performance,” “the professionalization of sports systems,” and “the nationalization of sports achievements.” Concerning how sports realized masculinity, this study analyzed multiple sport-related dynamic practices and proposed the dimensions of “the maximization of team camaraderie,” “the refinement of sports achievements,” “the deification of personality traits,” “the sanctification of sports arenas,” “the demonstration of physical abilities,” and “the elevation of sports experiences.” The diversified and complex dimensions were used to realize male power. Conclusion: Future studies should explore how the influence of gender behavior in media space and people’s media usage experiences substantially change gender identity.