臺灣菁英運動員創造高峰表現之多元影響因素

A multi-perspective investigation of the mechanisms underlying the peak performance of elite athletes in Taiwan

緒論：本研究透過跨領域學術研究的多元角度，亦即從學者專家與運動員的兩種角度，以及生理學與人因工程科技、心理學與認知神經科學、社會學與文化史哲學的多元面向探討菁英運動員創造高峰狀態的影響因素，最後據此提出未來學術研究方向與對實務界之建議。方法：本研究首先採用質性焦點團體訪談10 位長期研究該領域學門，具備實務與學術成就之專家、學者，資料整理與分析後，建立理論架構與修訂後續個人深度訪談的訪談大綱。接著，採用上述研究修訂完成的半結構訪談大綱，個別深度訪談11 位曾獲得國際獎項的菁英運動員。最後以主題分析法分析搜集到的質性資料。結果：菁英運動員創造高峰狀態的因素，可從多元的面向來解析：一、生理學與人因工程科技面向：現階段國內菁英運動員的生理量測分析與訓練輔助設備，已累積相當程度的成果；二、心理學與認知神經科學面向：心理狀態與情緒以及壓力調節的能力，為造就運動員高峰狀態的因素之一，針對運動員們可能對於心理狀態不易深度察覺或表達，建議未來可藉由認知神經科學，客觀化的量測外在行為與內在表現的相關機制，讓運動員高峰狀態的心理狀態與機制更臻完整；三、社會學與文化史哲學面向：能針對菁英運動員的儀式行為、失常及文化風格進行探究，則有助於釐清菁英運動員高峰表現背後的社會與文化脈絡，提供更廣闊深化的研究題材與方向。結論：本研究發現影響菁英運動員創造高峰狀態並非來自單一因素，各研究領域得以不同角度協助菁英運動員達到高峰表現。建議未來社會科學與運動相關領域之間可多加合作並相互搭配，在學術上，俾能更完整描繪與剖析菁英運動員達到高峰表現之整體脈絡；在實務應用上，也一定能顯著提升臺灣菁英運動員之國際競爭力。

Introduction: Various academic research perspectives have been applied to explore the factors that influence the peak state of elite athletes, including researchers in physiology, human factor engineering technology, psychology, cognitive neuroscience, sociology, cultural history, and philosophy, to identify potential strategies for enhancing the international competitiveness of elite athletes from Taiwan. Methods: During the first stage, experts from various fields will discuss specific research topics in depth to determine participant selection criteria and the contents of an interview outline, which will be applied to 10 interviewees who were specialists and scholars in the relevant fields. During the second stage, 11 elite athletes who have won international awards will be interviewed to investigate their mental state during the peak performance. The data will be analyzed during the third stage, and our results will be written. Results: The factors contributing to elite athletes' peak state can be analyzed from different perspectives. Research in physiology and human factor engineering technology has resulted in existing physiological measurement analyses and training aids for elite athletes, achieving significant results. By contrast, psychology and cognitive neuroscience research explore the athlete's experiences, including stress sources, mental toughness, and mental state. To identify factors that might influence athletes' peak states, cognitive neuroscience techniques can be used to objectively measure external behaviors and internal performance-related mechanisms to identify potential areas of improvement. Finally, sociology, cultural history, and philosophy research explore elite athletes' growth processes, ritual behaviors, aberrations, and artistic styles. In the future, multi-perspective investigations should result in broader and deeper research topics with a humanistic perspective on athlete-related issues. Conclusion: The results show that multiple factors influence the peak state of elite athletes. In the future, interactions among various social sciences and sports-related fields may provide a more thorough analysis of the overall context that influences elite athletes to improve international competitiveness.