沒落手藝如何成為「低端非遺」？治理的轉接與代理效應

How did a Declining Craft become Low-end Intangible Cultural Heritage? The Switch and Proxy Effects of Heritage Governance

本文基於批判性遺產研究觀點，檢視中國發展脈絡下，非物質文化遺產保存政策與宣傳措施的侷限。沒落的傳統手工技藝通常必須改採機械化生產，或是接軌觀光旅遊產業，方能以某種變貌存續。非物質文化遺產提供了另一種保存傳統工藝的框架，並鑲嵌於因應都市轉型和競爭的文化治理脈絡。然而，「非遺」提供的文化正當性往往必須服膺遺產治理的政績要求，這又緊繫於品牌化與行銷策略，並委由擔任文化中介者的專業團隊操作。於是，傳統技藝的遺產治理具有將傳統轉接於文化商品市場，並以專家來代理的效應。作者以廣東東莞萬江新村地區的手工腐竹為例，採取參與式觀察及訪談方法，探討遺產治理的轉接與代理效應，如何令傳統工藝以非遺之名振興，卻又墮入了低端位置。

Based on the critical heritage studies viewpoint, this article examines the limitations of intangible cultural heritage preservation policies and publicity measures in the context of China’s development. Traditional handicrafts that have fallen into decline usually have to be transformed into mechanized production or integrated into the tourism industry in order to survive in a certain distortion. Intangible cultural heritage provides another framework for preserving traditional crafts, and is embedded in the context of cultural governance in response to urban transformation and competition. However, the cultural legitimacy provided by intangible cultural heritage often has to comply with the performance requirements of heritage governance, which in turn is closely tied to branding and marketing strategies, and is operated by a professional team of cultural intermediaries. Therefore, the heritage governance of traditional skills has the effect of switching the heritage from a tradition to a cultural commodity while making experts as proxy. The authors take the handmade bean-curd sticks in Wanjiang New Village, Dongguan, Guangdong as an example, and adopts participatory observation and interview methods to explore how the switch and proxy effects of heritage governance, while revitalizing traditional crafts in the name of intangible heritage, make the traditional crafts fall into the low-end position.