梅克爾第三次大聯合政府時期聯邦與邦層級黨政關係之研究（2018-2021）

A Study of Party-Government Relations at Federal and State Levels During Merkel's Third Grand Coalition (2018-2021)

本文探討2018年3月起梅克爾第三次大聯合政府，以基民盟、基社盟和社民黨三黨為主的聯邦執政黨於聯邦和邦層級的黨政關係。透過競爭性政黨行為理論和政黨體系特質的理論分析，發現：梅克爾時代最後三年半間，在邦級和聯邦議會選舉後，三黨均經歷黨主席輪替，並體現其領袖強度差異和政黨甄補狀況。獲取政府官職依舊最為重要，主要政黨無不積極爭取各級議會選舉的選票極大化，透過爭取政策主導權的連結亦非常突出。政黨體系上，2018年至2021年間聯邦和邦級聯合政府中的政黨數增加，德國政黨體系破碎化程度增加，分割性降低，跨左右的組合變多。2021年9月的聯邦議會選舉後，社民黨、綠黨和自民黨組成首次的紅綠燈三黨聯合政府，聯盟黨未能延續梅克爾16年執政之路，為此評價梅克爾的施政，並連結分析這次主要政黨選舉的競合行為。

This article discusses party-government relationships between the CDU, CSU and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) during Merkel's third grand coalition between March 2018 and 2021, through the lenses of theories of competitive party behavior and of the party system. During this period, the three ruling parties experienced numerous changes in party leadership, which reflect the strength of party leadership and recruitment structure. For the actors involved, obtaining official posts in state government remained the most important goal, so political parties sought to maximize the votes received in state parliamentary elections. An analysis of the composition of the two levels of governments after state and federal parliamentary elections reveals the number of parties, and fragmentation, increased in the years 2018-2021. Segmentation decreased and coalition building between left and the right increased. After the federal election in the September 2021, the SPD, the Green and the FDP established the first “traffic light” coalition cabinet, while the CDU/CSU failed to hold onto power following Merkel's 16 years in office. To understand these developments, it is necessary to evaluate Merkel's governance and the competition and cooperation between parties in the 2021 federal election.