馬克思（及恩格斯）的烏托邦社會主義批判：作爲一種政治哲學方法

Marx's (and Engel's) Critiques of Utopian Socialism: As a Method of Political Philosophy

本文由馬克思（Karl Marx, 1818-1883）及恩格斯（Friedrich Engels, 1820-1895）對「烏托邦社會主義」（utopian socialism）的批判來形塑一個「馬克思式」（Marxian）的政治哲學方法論，亦即，馬克思或是馬克思主義者們所應該偏好的形塑規範性政治哲學的方式。本文分爲兩個部分，第一個部分說明並釐清馬克思（及恩格斯）對烏托邦社會主義的批判是什麼，第二部分將他們的烏托邦社會主義批判作爲一個重要指標來定位馬克思式政治哲學的立場，並且在當代政治哲學方法論中的四個主要概念區分裡，說明為什麼這個批判可以被理解為偏好某種規範性政治哲學的方法。據此，當我們將馬恩的烏托邦社會主義批判置於當代政治哲學方法論的四組概念之中時，我們可以概要地得出馬克思式政治哲學的立場。

This paper adopts Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels's (1820-1895) critiques of utopian socialism to formulate a Marxian normative political philosophy; that is, the way that Marx or Marxists should have preferred to engage normative political philosophy. This paper, therefore, is divided into two major parts: the first part explains and clarifies what Marx and Engels's critiques of utopian socialism are, and the second part takes their critiques of utopian socialism as a critical reference point to define Marxian political philosophy. After introducing the four main conceptual distinctions in the analytical tradition of the methodology of contemporary political philosophy, I explain why their critiques can be understood as having preferences for certain positions toward the methodology of normative political philosophy. Accordingly, when we locate the Marxian critique of utopian socialism within the four conceptual distinctions, we are able to outline the methodology of Marxian political philosophy.