緬甸密松大壩爭議與民族衝突：人類安全的視角

Myanmar's Myitsone Dam Dispute and Ethnic Conflict: A Human Security Perspective

近年來，緬甸政府以國內缺乏基礎供電設施，導致電力供應不足，拖累經濟發展為由，將開發水電資源列為施政重點，並與鄰近國家（中國與泰國）合作，大力開展水壩建設。當中規模最大的即為目前暫停建造，卻很有可能在近年復工的密松大壩，其壩址位於緬甸克欽邦—邁立開江和恩梅開江的匯流處。然而，水壩建造不僅與緬甸國家追求經濟發展有關，它同時也是一個牽涉層面極廣的「人類安全」議題。此外，從民族衝突的角度來看，此開發不僅讓緬甸政府與少數民族武裝團體（克欽獨立組織）的敵意加深，也威脅當地居民安全。值此關鍵時刻，緬甸國內與國際皆非常關注密松大壩的續建案，此領域確有深入瞭解的必要。本文之目的，乃是從人類安全的視角切入，輔以筆者親身的觀察與訪談資料，探討以下重點：1.密松大壩工程對克欽邦整體環境造成的影響；2.緬甸因建壩議題導致的民族對立狀態；3.克欽族人因建壩而遭遇的生活改變。最後，期望提供臺灣從環境議題認識緬甸的新途徑。

In recent years, the government of Myanmar has listed the development of hydroelectric power as a policy priority on the grounds that the nation lacks domestic electricity infrastructure, and the insufficient power supply has stalled the country's economic development. Myanmar is also collaborating with nearby countries (China and Thailand), with aggressive efforts exerted in building dams. Construction for one of the largest dams in the country, the Myitsone Dam, is currently suspended but likely to resume soon. It is located at the confluence of the Mali Hka and N'mai rivers in Myanmar's Kachin State. Although the building of dams is due to Myanmar government's intent to push for economic development, it is, however, also closely connected to a wide array of human security issues. Moreover, from the perspective of ethnic conflicts, this development will intensify the hostility between the Myanmar government and ethnic minority armed groups (such as the Kachin Independence Organization), which will threaten the security of local residents. In such a critical time, people in Myanmar and also around the world are paying close attention to the resume construction of the dam. It is imperative to conduct further investigations on the matter. The objective of this article is to examine this from the perspective of human security, and the following two research methods are applied: ＂first-hand observation＂ and ＂in-depth interview＂, with the following points examined: 1. The overall environmental impact that the Myitsone Dam construction has on the Kachin State; 2. The state of ethnic confrontation in Myanmar due to issues caused by the dam construction; 3. The lifestyle changes that the Kachin people have experienced due to the dam construction. Finally, it is also intended for this study to provide a new way for people in Taiwan to learn about Myanmar through an environmental perspective.