南荒、淨土、風雅：清末民初檳城極樂寺的文學書寫與文化想像

Southern Wilderness, Pure Land, Elegant Literature: Literary Writing and Cultural Imagination of Kek Lok Si in the Late Qing and Early Republic of China

檳城極樂寺初建於1891年，祖庭為傳承臨濟、曹洞宗法脈的福建鼓山湧泉寺。極樂寺的建立及其後的發展在東南亞漢傳佛教史上的意義非凡，另一方面，從清末到民國，極樂寺累積豐富的碑刻，地方士紳與南來文人亦留下為數不少的詩文題詠。因此極樂寺不僅具有宗教、政治意義，更成為重要的文化象徵。本文將以釋寶慈纂輯《鶴山極樂寺志》（1923）、清末民初南來文人與南洋僑紳詩文集以中以極樂寺為題的漢詩文作品為主要材料，首先考察圍繞著極樂寺的文學書寫中的兩個風雅系統：一是與鼓山湧泉寺聯繫起來的福建文士交遊群，一是南來文人與南洋僑紳題詠群，接著探討這兩種文學群體在極樂寺相關題詠中所寄寓的家國聯繫與文化想像，進而論析極樂寺充滿「華」的題詠空間中所帶來的華／夷、炎荒／淨土等種種文化辯證，最後討論極樂寺相關漢詩文所形塑的地方感，不僅折射出海洋、島嶼、中國、印度、英國種種幅湊與聯結，亦體現極樂寺在其特殊的地理位置與歷史情境中，吞吐涵養其間，容納所有華夷紛陳的可能。

In 1891, Kek Lok Si was established on the Malaysian island of Penang. Its ancestral court is the Yong Quan Temple in Gushan, Fujian Province, which inherits the lineage of the Lin-Ji and Cao Dong schools; it also has significant historical significance in Southeast Asian Chinese Buddhism. The Kek Lok Si Temple Gazetteer shows that the great inscriptions of poems and inscriptions of local gentry and literati from the south show that the temple has become an essential cultural symbol in addition to religious and political significance. The study examines the two systems of elegant literature that center around the temple: social circles of Fujian literati linked to the Gu Shan Yong Chien Temple and inscription societies of literati to the south and Nanyang gentries during the Late Qing and the Early Republic of China, and poems of Kek Lok Si in Penang Sin Poe. The study then continues to investigate the family-country connection and cultural imaginations suggested by the two types of literary groups in the temple inscriptions. It then discusses the cultural dialectics between Chinese/barbarians, barbaric land/pure land, and so on. Kek Lok Si inscriptions are heavily ＂Chinese-oriented.＂ Finally, it discusses Kek Lok Si's sense of place as shaped by Chinese poetry, which not only reflects the various dimensions and connections of seas, islands, China, India, and the United Kingdom but also expresses Kek Lok Si's unique geographical location and historical context, which enabled it to accommodate all the possibilities of Chinese and foreign affairs.