綠鴨朱鳶千萬里──明清時期安南、朝鮮赴華使節的文化交流與競爭

A Thousand Miles Between the Green Duck and the Red Falcon: The Cultural Interaction and Competition Between the Envoys of Annam and Chosŏn in the Ming-Qing Period

本文將回顧明清時期安南使節赴華使行的過程，探討安南與朝鮮使節於中國的接觸，如何通過文學、禮儀、名分等與朝鮮使節進行文化交流與競爭。本文將聚焦於1795年代表西山朝出使的阮偍 (1761-1805) 之燕行詩集《華程消遣集》，分析他與朝鮮使節的唱和，指出阮偍不只單純地進行漢文學交流，亦是借朝鮮的文化地位，來肯定西山朝的文化水平；而朝鮮使節與安南使節交涉中不失禮節的形象，亦有其文化考量。本文強調東亞使節詩文書寫的形成，並非單純的情感交流或互相欣賞，同時也充斥著各種文化較量的意涵，是文化競爭的結果。相關成果將有助於學界思考文化競爭意識如何作為東亞世界秩序維繫的因素，以及朝貢國自我呈現的手段。

Cultural competition in East Asia can be identified in examples from Annam’s mission to China during the Ming-Qing period. Sinitic literature, tributary rituals, and status in the East Asian world order were the critical components that different East Asian tributary representatives used to compare their nation’s cultural standards with those of other states in China. In addition to various records of envoy interactions during the Ming-Qing period, this article will pay attention to Nguyễn Đề’s (1761- 1805) poetry collection (Hoa tr.nh tiêu khiển tập [Collections of Nguyễn Đề’s trip to China]) from 1795. Nguyễn Đề was a critical envoy of the Tây Sơn dynasty, and his poems reveal the competition between Annam and Chosŏn diplomats. While Nguyễn Đề affirmed the cultural status of the Tây Sơn dynasty through such cultural interaction, Chosŏn envoys responded to the Annam emissaries with passive ritual consideration. This article explores how consciousness of cultural competition and local cultural background acted as significant factors in shaping the formats used in the envoys’ poems and writings. The examples of different types of interaction between Annam and Chosŏn, as well as Nguyễn Đề’s poetry collection from 1795, reveal new perspectives for exploring how cultural competition was the critical factor in reshaping the discourse surrounding the Annam-Chosŏn relationship in East Asia. It was also the key indicator used to represent the tributary state itself.