日治時期臺灣的二宮金次郎銅像：學校的物質文化史考察之一面向

The Sculpture of Ninomiya Kinjiro in Japanese-ruled Taiwan: A Study on the History of Schools’Material Culture

二宮尊德（幼名金次郎）是戰前受過日本教育者印象最深的人物之一。除了因為二宮是修身書中的常客之外，一度出現在校園中的二宮金次郎銅像可能也是重要的印象來源。1920年代中期起，日本本國因為地方商人要推銷自家產品，開始製作「負薪讀書」少年造型的二宮塑像，受到各地小學校歡迎。臺灣的學校則是到1935年以後，在鄉土教育運動與部落振興運動的背景下，開始設置二宮銅像，鼓勵兒童、學生勤勉向學、刻苦耐勞。1940年，為了慶祝日本皇紀紀元二千六百年，各地學校紛紛以設置忠臣偉人像、奉安殿、校園神社，作為紀念活動，臺灣的校園銅像也在這一年大幅增加。隨著日本戰局緊張，起初期待教化學生自我修養、貢獻地域的二宮銅像，一方面被利用來加強人心的動員，最後連銅像本身也成為戰時物資被徵用。當代透過二宮銅像的記憶串起過往歷史的故事時有所聞，可能是因為二宮銅像表現的「勤勉苦讀」之價值觀，與傳統臺灣漢人社會尊崇學問的集體心性有共通之處，因此，即使橫跨三個世代，仍然可以引起臺灣社會的共鳴。已經消失的二宮銅像，事實上也是臺灣歷史記憶的一部分，訴說著近百年臺灣學校的歷史。

Ninomiya Sontoku (Kinjiro) was one of figures that most impressed people who had received Japanese education before the Second World War. One reason is that Ninomiya Kinjiro was a frequent caller in the textbooks of moral, and the other is that his bronze statues on campus left a strong impression on those people.
Since the mid-1920s, to promote their products, local businessmen had started manufacturing the statue of teenaged Ninomiya Kinjiro who carried firewood while studying, which was widely popular among elementary schools. Taiwan’s schools did not start putting up the statue of Ninomiya Kinjiro until after 1935 to encourage young students to study diligently and work hard without complaint because they were influenced by the movements of local education and regional revitalization.
In 1940, to commemorate the 2600th Anniversary of the Japanese Imperial Era, schools across Japan began putting up bronze statues and other facilities, and the number of bronze statues also increased greatly that year. However, as the war situation in Japan intensified, the bronze statues of Ninomiya Kinjiro that had been used to instruct students to cultivate themselves and contribute to their hometowns were used to mobilize people. In the end, these bronze statues were commandeered as war reserves.
It has been heard from time to time about the history stories of the past through people’s memories for the bronze statue of Ninomiya Kinjiro. This might be because the values of“studying hard without any complaint”presented by the bronze statue, which had a common ground with the collective behavior of respecting knowledge in the Han Chinese society in Taiwan. Therefore, they still arouse resonance in Taiwan’s society even though it has been three generations. The bronze statue of Ninomiya Kinjiro that has disappeared is in fact a part of Taiwan’s historical memories as it talks about the history of schools in Taiwan over the past 100 years.