十七世紀東亞的奴隸貿易：以西班牙統治下的菲律賓與北臺為例

Slave Trade in 17th-century East Asia: Case Study of the Philippines and Northern Taiwan under Spanish Colonial Rule

十六世紀末西班牙人遠征菲島前，菲島已存在奴隸，等到占領該地後，皇室和教會人士多反對奴隸制，但因勞動人力不足，菲島奴隸持續存在，主要隨著軍事行動和貿易來到馬尼拉。從十六世紀末至十七世紀四○年代，西班牙人透過遠征俘虜並奴役馬京達瑙、蘇祿、特納提、Lutao、卡拉棉和巴丹群島的住民。其次，奴隸是項商品，除了透過中國商人和葡萄牙商人之手運販到菲島之外，穆斯林商人和馬尼拉的西班牙人也曾參與奴隸買賣，其中葡萄牙商人扮演主要角色。外國奴隸主要來自非洲、亞洲各地，有不少奴隸是受洗教徒，但西班牙化程度高的教徒奴隸在十七世紀的菲律賓社會似乎不多見。西班牙殖民北臺灣期間有不少Cafre奴隸服役於帆船，從菲律賓前往當地，但也有奴隸服務於北臺灣長官和商人家中。有的奴隸因不適應北臺灣氣候而逃走。另有位孟加拉奴隸是外科醫生，也曾前往北臺灣。等到1642年荷蘭人打敗北臺灣的西班牙人以後，不少卡加揚人和邦板牙人也成為荷蘭人的奴隸。在菲島擁有奴隸的多是有軍職或官職的西班牙人、宗教團體、葡萄牙人、華人及菲島原住民上層階級。有的奴隸會被主人出借、轉贈、轉售或轉嫁他人。購買奴隸須負擔運費及支付奴隸本身的價格。十七世紀之初一般奴隸運費從12比索降至10比索，孩童奴隸運費較低，有8比索，若外加食物須多付費用。十七世紀菲律賓的奴隸身價一般維持每位50比索，孩童奴隸價格較便宜，除了1648和1649年的市場價格不穩定之外，其中高價購買者多是華人。奴隸提供重要勞動力，常見的工作有服役於帆船，也有於陛下營地鑄造大砲、服務於主人家中或從事耕作。有的奴隸遭遇悲慘，可提起訴訟，請人辯護，但成功例子有限；也有主人善待奴隸。到了十七世紀末，隨著奴隸被解放，菲律賓的奴隸也逐漸消失。

Slavery existed in the Philippines long before the first Spanish expedition arrived. During the Spanish colonial rule, most of the royal family members and the religious orders were against slavery. However, owing to shortage of labor, slavery remained in the Philippines and most of the slaves in Manila came with military operations and trade. From the end of the 16th century to the 1640s, the Spanish expeditions captured and enslaved people in Maguindanao, Sulu, Terenate, Lutao, Calamianes and Batanes. These slaves were sold to foreign lands by Chinese and Portuguese traders. Muslim merchants and the Spanish in Manila also participated in the slave trade, though with the Portuguese playing the most important role. On the other hand, foreign slaves came mainly from Africa and Asia. Although many of them were converted to Catholicism, there seemed to be no Ladinos in the 17th-century Filipino society. Many kaffir/cafre slaves were sent to northern Taiwan, some laboring in the galleys during the Spanish colonization era and some serving in the homes of the officials and merchants of northern Taiwan. Those who could not adapt to the weather tried to escape. There was even a Bengali slave, who used to be a surgeon, sent to northern Taiwan. After the defeat of the Spanish by the Dutch, many Cagayanos and Pampangos became Dutch slaves.
In the Philippines, most of the slave owners were Spanish military and government officials, religious groups, Portuguese, Sangleys and the Filipino upper class. Some slaves were on loan, given away, resold by their owners or transferred to their guarantors. To buy a slave, it was necessary to pay both the price and the freight fare. In the early 17th century, a buyer paid 12 pesos for the freight of a slave; this was later lowered to 10 pesos. The freight for a child slave cost only 8 pesos. If the traders fed them, the buyers would have to pay more. Generally, a slave was worth 50 pesos in the 17th-century Philippines and child slaves were cheaper. However, between 1648 and 1649, the prices of the slave market strongly fluctuated. Buyers who paid the highest prices were the Sangleys. The slaves were an important workforce, serving in the galleys, royal artillery, house of the owners, or the fields. Slaves who were mistreated could file a law suit against their owners and hire lawyers to represent them. Yet, winning cases were few. There were also owners who treated their slaves well. At the end of the 17th century, slaves started to be emancipated in the Philippines and slavery was eventually abolished.