不同速度阻力訓練對青少年跆拳道選手快速力量、爆發力和專項動能力之影響

Effects of different velocity resistance training methods on rapid force, power, and specific performance of young Taekwondo athletes

緒論：以運動特殊性考量，阻力訓練的速度和動作型態應盡可能符合真實專項動作。速度依循阻力訓練（velocity-based resistance training, VBRT）、增強式阻力訓練法（plyometric resistance training, PRT）及被動增強式訓練（passive leg press training, PLPT）均是強調快收縮速度的阻力訓練法，可改善運動員的快速力量與爆發力。本研究的目的是比較何種訓練法對快速力量、爆發力與專項能力之發展最具訓練效率。方法：36名高中跆拳道選手依照最大肌力水準分層隨機分配為VBRT組、PRT組及PLPT組。各組完成6週每週3次的速度阻力訓練課程。所有組別於訓練前、後實施快速力量（50毫秒發力率及最大發力率）、爆發力（跳躍高度及峰值力量）及專項踢擊能力（單一及連續側踩速度）檢測。以成對樣本t檢定比較各組組內前、後測差異。以單因子獨立變異數及Scheffe事後比較法分析基線測試數據及組間進步百分比之差異。結果：三組受試者經過訓練後，快速力量（50毫秒發力率、最大發力率）、爆發力（反向跳高度）、專項踢擊能力（單一踢擊時間、連續踢擊時間）均獲得顯著增強效果（p < .05）。但三種高收縮速度阻力訓練法對反向跳的峰值力量均無顯著增強（p > .05）。比較三組間增強效率的結果顯示，PLPT在最大發力率的進步百分比顯著優於PRT（p < .05）。結論：3種速度阻力訓練均是發展快速發力且能將訓練效果轉換至專項動作所需肌收縮能力的訓練法。其中PLPT是三種速度阻力訓練中發展最大發力率最優勢的訓練法。

Introduction: In sport-specific training, the velocity and movement of resistance training should match the particular movement as closely as possible to achieve optimal transfer to performance. Velocity-based resistance training (VBRT), plyometric resistance training (PRT), and passive leg press training (PLPT) are three resistance training methods that emphasize rapid contraction and have been proven to improve the rate of force development and power. The purpose of this investigation was to determine which training method is more efficient in improving rapid force, power, and performance. Methods: Stratified sampling was used to allocate 36 senior high school Taekwondo athletes to a VBRT group (n = 12), PRT group (n = 12), and PLPT group (n = 12). All training groups completed a six-week resistance training program that included three training sessions per week. Before and after the resistance training, the athletes’ rapid force (50-ms rate of force development and maximal rate of force development), power (jump height and peak force), and specific performance (speed of single side kick and continuous side kick) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests to compare differences between groups. One-way ANOVA and the Scheffé’s post-hoc test were used to compare the differences between the baseline and training effects. Results: After six weeks of training, the three groups showed significant training effects on rapid force (both measures), power (jump height only), and specific performance (both measures). In addition, the percentage enhancement of the maximal rate of force development under PLPT was significantly higher than that under PRT. Conclusion: All three training methods, VBRT, PRT, and PLPT, develop rapid force and power, which can be converted to specific performance. However, PLPT is a better resistance training method to increase the maximal rate of force development.