行政訴訟制度功能展開的憲法基礎重思

定位中國行政訴訟的性質和功能，需要從憲法解釋學的角度探究其法理基礎。根據一般公法理論，行政訴訟的主要憲法依據是《憲法》第41條。該條款為行政機關作被告提供了憲法依據，但無法由此推導出公民向司法機關提請審查行政行為合法性的行政訴訟制度。中國憲法結構中司法與行政的功能定位不同於一般的權力分立模式，由司法來審查行政行為合法性並非不證自明的公理。追問中國行政訴訟制度的合憲性，必須超越傳統的法治觀念，結合中國憲法價值秩序的演變，對憲法文本進行與時俱進的解釋。現行憲法秩序中的法治原則、基本權利體系以及依法審判條款共同構成了行政訴訟制度的憲法依據，進而塑造了行政訴訟法律關係的基本結構：相對人權利保障、行政機關依法行政和司法機關合法性審查。在新的法治發展階段，追問行政訴訟憲法依據並非為了純粹的法律概念推演，而是要從憲法層面講清楚行政訴訟背後的制度原理，構建具有融貫性的公法理論體系。

Defining the nature and function of administrative litigation in China requires exploring its basic principles from the perspective of constitutional law. According to the widely accepted theory, the main constitutional foundation for administrative litigation is Article 41 of the PRC Constitution. This ar-ticle does provide the constitutional foundation for the defendant position of administrative bodies, but it cannot justify the legality of the administrative litigation system. China's constitutional structure differs from the Western model of separation of powers, so the legitimacy of judicial review is not self-evident in the Constitution. To justify the constitutionality of China's administrative litigation system requires to go beyond traditional notions of rule of law and interpret constitutional text in accordance with the evolution of constitutional values. The constitutional principle of rule of law, the system of foundamental rights and the provisions of trial according to law together constitute the constitutional foundation of the administra-tive litigation system, and determine the basic structure of administrative litigation: the protection of foundamental rights, administration according to law and judicial review. In the new constitutional order, rethinking the constitutional foundation of administrative litigation does not aim to perform deductive in-ference among legal concepts, but to construct the constitutional theory of Chinese administrative litiga-tion, so as to build a coherent system of public law theory.