未成年人保護立法的理念與制度體系

通過將美國少年法院法視為現代少年刑法的歷史起源，我國法學界引入保護主義研究未成年人法。然而保護主義在建構層面忽視美國幹預主義和轉處主義的理念鴻溝，體系論層面也沒有形成闡釋未成年人犯罪特殊法律責任制度的基本概念和理論框架。基于社會系統論的分析表明，圍繞多元主義的立法理念，我國形成了具有不同基本功能的“三根支柱”制度體系。“第一根支柱”秉承支持主義理念，將未成年人視為未來的有效人力資本，健全支援積極生育及未成年人合法權益保障的制度。“第二根支柱”秉承矯治主義理念，將未成年人視為容易被環境誘使實施違法犯罪行為的高危人群，健全分級矯治未成年人罪錯行為的制度。“第三根支柱”秉承轉處主義理念，將未成年人視為年幼的犯罪人，健全科學懲罰涉罪未成年人的制度。此外，涉罪未成年人保護刑事立法還具有“保護區”“試驗田”和“連通器”的具體功能。

By regarding the American juvenile jurisprudence as the historical origin of modern juvenile criminal law, China’s legal scholars have introduced the rationale of protection to study juvenile law. However, at the level of legal construction, the rationale of protection ignores the gap between interventionism and diversion in America, and at the systematic level it cannot provide basic concept and theoretical framework to explain the special legal liability system for juvenile delinquent. Based on social system theory, it is shown that according to the rationale of pluralism, China has formed a three-pillar system with different basic functions. The first pillar adheres to the rationale of support, regards juveniles as effective human capital in the future, and improves the system of supporting active childbirth and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of juveniles. The second pillar adheres to the rationale of correction, regards juveniles as high-risk groups easy to be tempted by the environment to commit illegal and criminal acts, and improves the system to correct juveniles of committing illegal and criminal acts. The third pillar adheres to the rationale of diversion, regards juveniles as young offenders, and improves the system of scientifically punishing minors committing crime. Moreover, the criminal law for protecting juvenile delinquent has three specific functions of“protected area”,“experimental field”and“connector”.