達摩治國：阿育王與印度佛教法文化

孔雀王朝是古代印度首個統一的中央集權帝國，阿育王是孔雀王朝的第三位君主。阿育王通過吸收并改造以佛教法文化為代表的思想資源，設計并實施了達摩治國方略，將轉輪王理想與現實主義治國術結合，實現了倫理與政治的新綜合。這種新綜合方案借助佛教法文化和其它沙門思想提升王權，使王權與官僚體系緊密配合；借助佛教法文化塑造新倫理，創造具有包容性的統治意識形態；通過佛教法文化緩和現實主義治國術的嚴酷，形成張弛有度的統治格局。但由於阿育王的達摩治國偏離婆羅門教主流文化，加之孔雀王朝的文化差異和政治離心作用，使這一治國方略遭遇危機。印度建國後，阿育王輪作為國家政治象徵，包含統一、包容、和平、共和與文明五重政治想像，融入了現代印度法文化當中。

The Mauryan Dynasty was the first unified centralized empire in ancient India, and Asoka was its third monarch. By absorbing and transforming the ideological resources represented by Buddhist legal culture, Asoka invented and implemented a new rule of dharma strategy, combining the chakravartin ideal with realistic technique of governance to achieve a new synthesis of ethics and politics. This new synthesis utilized Buddhist dharma culture and other sramanas to elevate the king’s power and make it closely compatible with the bureaucracy; it utilized Buddhist dharma culture to shape a new ethic and create an inclusive ruling ideology, as well as to moderate the harshness of realist governance and create an appropriately relaxed ruling pattern. However, Asoka’s rule of dharma deviated from the mainstream culture of Brahminism, and the cultural differences with political centrifugal effects of the Mauryan Dynasty caused this strategy to a crisis. After the founding of the Republic of India, Asoka’s wheel, as the political symbol of the country, containing five political imaginations of unity, tolerance, peace, republic and civilization, has been integrated into the legal culture of modern India.