未被書寫的歷史：Mary Somers Heidhues歷史民族誌對當代印尼客家研究的啟發

Unwritten Histories: Mary Somers Heidhues’ Historical Ethnographies and the Development of Indonesian Hakka Studies

本文以Mary Somers Heidhues關於印尼西加里曼丹、邦加與勿里洞等地「華人」社群與聚落發展之研究為基礎，呈現華人及客家社群在印尼「外島」地區的移住歷史及政治、社會與文化處境，以及Heidhues眼中的「客家」與「華人」。透過Heidhues的關注議題及其強調的「邊陲」視角，本文除梳理當代印尼華人與客家研究的書寫特色，也試圖提出Heidhues歷史民族誌對當代印尼客家研究發展的啟發。全文分三部分：首先聚焦Heidhues的研究歷程、議題發展與書寫區域，探討其著述內容與研究方法、材料的特色，及其研究對理解華人在印尼外島地區移住歷史的重要性。其次探討Heidhues如何看待客家與華人，梳理其對客家人群特色、「客」與「非客」華人關係的觀察與討論。最後延伸Heidhues所強調印尼外島地區社群歷史書寫的重要性，試圖從更大脈絡思考邊陲視角的意義，並從「華人」議題與「客家」關懷的當代發展，提出客家社群之研究作為理解印尼社會與華人生活歷史、認同處境與族群關係另種視角的可能性。

This article focuses on the writings of Mary Somers Heidhues on the Chinese communities in West Kalimantan, Bangka and Belitung, in order to understand the history of Hakka / Chinese settlements in the ‘Outer Islands,’ and their political, social and cultural situation in Indonesia. The first section of this article introduces Heidhues’ background and characteristics of research, including her selection of topics and regions, approaches, methodology, and the contribution of her works to the regional studies and Chinese minority history in Indonesia. In the second part, the article takes a further look into the representations of “Hakkas” in Heidhues’ works, including how she described the characteristics of the Hakka people, and how she defined the relationship between the Hakka and the Chinese. The third part takes Heidhues' emphasis on the historical writings of marginal communities to rethink the rise of “Hakka issues” and the development of Indonesian Hakka studies in the past several years. Finally, this article also attempts to suggest the inspirations of Heidhues’ writings on contemporary Hakka and Chinese studies.