貪污研究與印尼的反貪污運動

Research on Corruption and Anti-corruption Movement within Indonesian Society (in Chinese)

貪污是許多國家內部普遍存在的問題，其嚴重程度難以量化，但諸如經濟發展遲緩、行政體系運作緩慢等問題的出現多半會歸咎於貪污，貪污對一國政經發展的影響難以忽視。如同其它國家一般，貪污是印尼自1945年獨立建國以來即已存在的問題，而目前關於印尼貪污問題的研究多集中於該問題的源起、後續發展以及政府當局的因應策略上探討，這些分析讓我們能對印尼的貪污問題有更進一步的了解，但這些討論忽略了源自社會的反貪污聲音，其似乎假定這股力量是不存在的，整個印尼社會皆對貪污這個影響公眾利益的行為漠不關心，但事實真是如此嗎？本文以這問題為起點，針對源自印尼社會內部的反貪污活動進行分析，選擇的時間區段為從1967年至2004年。透過本文，筆者將論證自發的反貪污活動一直存在於印尼社會，因此，印尼人民對貪污這個問題是有反應的。而隨著以反貪污為訴求的非官方組織成立，這股持續的反貪污力量已走向專業化，進而發揮督促政府當局落實貪污改革的功能，其聲音與活動應是在研究印尼的貪污問題時所必須考量的一項變數，這股勢力的後續發展以及對印尼貪污改革的影響皆值得更進一步探討。

Corruption is a ubiquitous question. The real level of corruption of one country is hard to measure. But problems such as tardy economic development and inefficient bureaucracy are usually imputed to corruption. The impact of corruption on one country's political and economy development is hard to ignore.Like other countries, corruption in Indonesia has existed since the foundation of the state in 1945. Many scholars noticed this problem and did many researches on this topic. Most of the researches emphasize explanation, explaining how corruption in Indonesia occurs, how corrupt officers steal the money from the people and what institutes governments form to deal with the problem. Those researches enable us to have a further knowledge of corruption issues of Indonesia, but there were little discussion on the activities within the society that aim to fight against corruption. Seemingly, it assumes that this kind of activities never exists and the whole Indonesian society is indifferent to corruption problem. Is it the truth? This paper regards this question as the starting point and I will prove the spontaneous anti-corruption activities exist within the Indonesian society all the time. Thus, the Indonesian people are never indifferent to this problem, and with the establishment of anti-corruption NGOs, its follow-up development deserves more attention while studying the corruption issues of Indonesia.