道德的實現與生命的圓滿──康德與唐君毅對圓滿性的論述

The Actualization of Morals and the Perfection of Life: An Inquiry into the Idea of Perfection by Kant and Tang Junyi

康德在其晚期出版的《道德底形上學》一書中以「自己的圓滿性」與「他人的幸福」為義務的目的，即是人有義務使圓滿性成為自己的目的，並且以行動去實現，但是這種圓滿性不是與生俱來的，因此便需要實踐的工夫。唐君毅先生在《生命存在與心靈境界》中申論，「道德實踐境」固然是心靈在主體價值方面的實踐，因而處於一高層級的境界，但未臻最高境界，惟到天德流行境，人在此境中才是盡性立命，亦方至生命之圓滿。二人都是探討人生命中的圓滿境界，但由於對圓滿性的理解不同，甚至對此進行探索的方式亦有異，所以對圓滿性牽涉的問題如：道德在圓滿性的實現方面所發揮的作用，達致圓滿性的可能性及必須條件等，都會有迥異的結論；本文先概述二人在此方面的觀點，進而分析有關的理論後果。

In this article the concept of ＂perfection＂ is enquired and compared between Kant and Tang Junyi. ＂One's own perfection＂ and ＂the happiness of others＂ are two ends that are also duties as discussed in Kant's The Metaphysics of Morals. This means that a human being has an obligation to make perfection as his ends and also to promote it. Since the perfection understood as such is not inborn, therefore, practice for cultivation is necessary. Tang Junyi articulates nine levels of vision that human beings can achieve in his grand monograph The Existence of Life and the Vision of Mind. For him, the highest level is ＂human nature fully actualized and the decree established＂ only on which the perfection of life can be realized. Apart from examining the conceptions related for both philosophers of east and west, the questions of the role of morals in the realization of perfection, the possibility of achieving this end and other related issues would also be investigated. The comparison hopefully leads to reveal the fundamental deviation between these two streams of philosophy thinking.