德可樂利的教育觀及其在幼兒教育上的啟示

A Study on the Decroly's Educational Philosophy and Its Enlightenment in Early Childhood Education

德可樂利（Ovide Decroly, 1871～1932）是比利時著名的小兒科醫生、心理分析學家以及教育家，其所提出的教育觀點，主要是奠基在心理、醫學的專業以及其治療發展遲緩兒童的工作經驗上。德可樂利的教育主張，兼具學理基礎和實務成果，頗富意義，可供幼兒教育實施之參酌。本文首先指出，德可樂利的教育主張係植基於生物物理學、社會生物學以及自然主義的觀點。其次，介紹德可樂利的教學方法，該教學法普遍應用於其所創設的「生活中心學校」，強調教學的實施應該包括團體作業、旅行觀察、聯想建構、溝通表達等步驟。再者，闡釋德可樂利的教育觀在幼兒教育上所帶來的啟示，這些啟示包括：正視幼兒本體性、共生自然系統、增進社群意識、安排旅行觀察、融入創新元素、強化親師合作、升級行動意義等。最後，總結相關的討論，希冀國內幼兒教育的實施可借鏡德可樂利的教育作為。

Ovide Decroly is a well-known pediatrician, psychoanalyst and educator in Belgium. Decroly's educational philosophy is based on psychology, medicine and his experience of treating mentally retarded children. Decroly's educational propositions contain both theoretical foundations and practical results, which are of significance and can be used as references for the implementation of early childhood education. To begin with, the paper points out that Decroly's educational philosophy is based on biophysical, sociobiological, and naturalistic perspectives. In addition, the article introduces the Decroly method which is widely used in the ＂ L'Ecole pour la vie parla vie＂ (school by life for life) he created. The Decroly method is clearly defined four instructional steps, including group work, observation through travelling, association and construction, and communication. Furthermore, the thesis explains the enlightenment brought by Decroly's educational concept in early childhood education, these enlightenments include: face the child's ontology, symbiotic natural system, enhance sense of commity, arrange field trip, integrate innovative elements, strengthen parent-teacher cooperation, and upgrade action meaning. In conclusion, the relevant discussions are summarized, and it is hoped that the implementation of early childhood education in Taiwan can learn from the educational achievements of Decroly.