《左傳》職官考論三則

Three Textual Researches on Officials’Titles in ZuǒZhuàn

本文分設「晉廢司徒為輿帥、輿尉」、「楚之芋尹猶虞人」與「魯之周人為遒人」三節，討論上揭職官意涵，簡述成果如下。一、桓公六年《左傳》載「晉以僖侯廢司徒」，杜預謂「司徒」易名為「中軍」。然中軍之稱自魯僖公二十七年（633 B.C.）「作三軍」後始見，知其說不可從。晉有「輿帥」、「輿尉」徵發役人，職務與司徒相符，知晉易司徒之名為輿帥、輿尉。二、昭公七年《左傳》見楚官「芋尹」，楊伯峻釋為「毆獸之官」。新出楚簡見二篇〈緇衣〉，《禮記．緇衣》之「虞」，二篇簡文分作「于」與「雩」，知从吳聲與从于聲之字可為通假。據此則芋尹之芋可讀虞，芋尹猶《左傳》「虞人」，是司掌田獵之官。三、哀公三年《左傳》載魯有「周人」之官，于省吾讀甲骨文「雨」為「調雨」，知从卣聲之字可與从周聲者通假。段玉裁《說文解字注》引〈與揚雄書〉「遒人使者」作「逌人使者」，且言「逌、輶、遒三字同音，逌人即遒人。」依此則周人可讀「逌人」，即襄公十四年《左傳》之「遒人」。

This article is divided into three sections:“Jìn fèi Sī-túwèi Yú-shuài & Yú-wèi”（Jìn XīHóu abolished the official’s title“Sī-tú”, and it was renamed“Yú-shuài”&“Yú-wèi”.）,“ChǔzhīYù-yǐn yóu Yú-rén”（The official’s title“Yù-yǐn”in ChǔState were almost the same as“Yú-rén”.）and“LǔzhīChóu-rén wéi Qiú-rén”（The official’s title“Chóu-rén”in LǔState was equal to Qiú-rén）; discussing the meaning of officials who hold certain positions in State, including their titles, powers, ranks and status all above; then making brief conclusions as follows: First, according to ZuǒZhuàn,“Jìn yǐXīHóu fèi Sī-túin 706 B.C.”（Jìn XīHóu abolished the official’s title“Sī-tú”）, Dùyù（222-285）said that“Sī-tú”was renamed“Zhōng-jūn”; however, the first record of“Zhōng-jūn”was in 633 B.C. which came from the policy of“zuòsān jūn”（Organize three armies）. Therefore, Dù’s saying is irrelevant to this issue.“Yú-shuài”&“Yú-wèi”in Jìn State were responsible for requisitioning conscript labors, and their jobs were consistent with“Sī-tú”, thus it was renamed“Yú-shuài”&“Yú-wèi”in Jìn State. Second, from ZuǒZhuàn, someone visited the official“Yù-yǐn”in ChǔState in 535 B.C. Yáng Bó-jùn interpreted“Yù-yǐn”as an official who was responsible for training gladiators. There are two volumes“ZīYī”and“LǐJì, ZīYī”from newly unearthed bamboo slip of ChǔState. Both have the word“虞”（yú）but in different Chinese characters“于”（yú）and“雩”（yú）. From a common usage of ancient Chinese scholars　“tōng jiǎ”（replace the word with the same or similar pronunciation or shape）, the word pronounced as“wú”could“tōng jiǎ”to another word pronounced as“yú”; therefore, the word“芋”（yù）of“Yù-yǐn”can be read as the word“虞”（yú）, for this reason the official“Yù-yǐn”in ChǔState were almost the same as the official“Yú-rén”in ZuǒZhuàn who was responsible for hunting affairs. Third, referring to ZuǒZhuàn, there was an official’s title“周人”（Chóu-rén）in LǔState in 492 B.C. That reminds me of studying oracle bone characters. The phrase“雨”（yǒu yǔ）can read as“調雨”（tiáo yǔ）, thus the word pronounces as“yǒu”can“tōng jiǎ”to another word pronounces as“tiáo”. Duàn Yù-cái's“ShuōWén JiěZìZhù”quoted the phrase“遒人使者”（Qiú-rén shǐzhě）as“逌人使者”（Yōu-rén shǐzhě）from“YǔYáng Xióng Shū”. Duàn also claimed that“逌”（yōu）,“輶”（yóu）and“遒”（qiú）all got the same pronunciation; therefore, the phrase“逌人”（Yōu-rén）was the same as“遒人”（qiú–rén）. For this reason, the official’s title“周人”（Chóu-rén）can read as“逌人”（Yōu-rén）, and it was equal to“遒人”（Qiú-rén）in ZuǒZhuàn in 633 B.C.