敵對的朝貢體系：遼金與高麗關係

The Hostile Tributary System: The Relationship between Liao/Jin and Goryeo

本文將分析遼金與高麗之間的朝貢冊封關係。本文指出，國際權力結構因素和朝貢國的國內因素，決定儒教理念因素在前近代東亞朝貢體系中發揮的影響力範圍和程度。遼金與高麗在朝貢體系的框架內維持了二百年的長期和平，但其具體面貌與明清和朝鮮之間的「典型的朝貢冊封關係」相去甚遠：第一，遼金與高麗以唐朝的外交儀禮（即「唐禮」）為準則進行交流，但沒有共享價值體系（儒教理念）；第二，遼金雖然在東亞地區佔據軍事優勢地位，但未能掌握霸權地位；第三，遼金與高麗之間幾乎沒有牢固的相互合作或相互信任的模式。儘管如此，由於遼金與高麗的地理毗鄰性、在該地區的支配地位、雙方共同的懸案等因素，遼金與高麗在前近代中國王朝和韓半島王朝的關係中首次構築了最頻繁、最多樣的管道，這種互動模式延續到了明清和朝鮮之間的關係。要而言之，在遼金與高麗間的朝貢體系下，儒教理念因素的影響力被最小化。在國際層次上，儒教理念因素只在外交儀禮上發揮了其影響力，而儒教圈朝貢國內部的儒教發展與中國皇帝的紐帶感或信賴強化沒有直接關係。這些特徵與明清和朝鮮之間的朝貢體系成了鮮明的對比。

This article analyzes the investiture/tributary relationship between Liao/Jin and Goryeo. It argues that the spheres and degrees of ideological influence that Confucianism displayed in the premodern East Asian tributary system were determined by the factors of the international power structure and the domestic factors of the tributary states. The Liao Dynasty, and later the Jin Dynasty, and the Goryeo Dynasty maintained a long peace for nearly 200 years within the framework of the tributary system. However, the specific details of this peace had some major differences from what would become the typical investiture/ tributary relationship between the Ming/Qing and the Chosŏn Dynasty. First, the Liao/Jin Dynasties and the Goryeo Dynasty had exchanges with each other by making the protocol of the Tang Dynasty (Tangli or “Tang rites”) a rule, but they did not share the same value system (the ideology of Confucianism). Second, the Liao and Jin Dynasties became militarily dominant over East Asia, but they did not hold a hegemonic position. Third, there was little deep mutual cooperation and there were few patterns of mutual trust between the Liao/Jin Dynasties and Goryeo Dynasty. Nevertheless, the Liao/Jin Dynasties and the Goryeo were the first to build the most frequent and varied channels in the relationship between the premodern Chinese Dynasties and the Dynasties in the Korean Peninsula due to factors such as their geographic proximity, their hegemonic status in their applicable areas, and their common issues of concern. It was a vital step in the overall historical relations between both countries, and these patterns of interaction later carried over to the relationships between the Ming/Qing Dynasties and the Chosŏn Dynasty. In summary, the influence of the ideological factors of Confucianism under the tributary system between the Liao/Jin Dynasties and the Goryeo Dynasty was minimized. The influence of the ideological factors of Confucianism at the international level was just a display of protocol, and the development of Confucianism within the tributary states in the Confucian cultural area was not directly connected to a bond with the Chinese emperors nor was it related to strengthening trust. This was in sharp contrast with the tributary relationship between Ming/Qing and Chosŏn.