雙語與三語效應作用於語言產出：以錯誤修復及切換耗時差為例

The Effects of Bilingualism and Trilingualism on Language Production: Evidence from Error-Correction and Switch Cost

透過兩個實驗，本研究分析錯誤數量、錯誤修復次數及字之間的切換耗時差，探討單、雙及三語者認知控制運用的情況。實驗一探討在0.7及1秒，單、雙及三語者產字的正確率及錯誤修復的效率是否不同；實驗二為測驗字之間切換時，單、雙及三語者的耗損時間。每個實驗依受試者的語言背景分為4組，每組各10人。本研究發現：當時間越多，雙及三語者的產字正確率越高，單語者則相反；當時間越多，雙及三語者的修補錯誤效率比單語者高；三語組沒有發生不對稱切換耗時的情況，傾向最能夠有效地運用「語言控制機制」，單語組則是最無效的；在「聲調促發且低轉換嘗試比例」及「音節促發且高轉換嘗試比例」條件，雙／三語者比單語者更能夠有效地運用語言控制機制。此研究揭露時間越多越能突顯雙／三語在認知控制力的優勢。

Through two experiments, this study explored the differences in cognitive control among monolinguals, bilinguals, and trilinguals in a read-aloud task in terms of the number of errors, self-repair attempts, and switch cost. Experiment 1 explored speakers' performance on the language accuracy and the efficiency of self-repair in 0.7 seconds and 1 second. Experiment 2 examined speakers' switch-cost performance in switch trials and non-switch trials. Each experiment included four language groups, 10 for each. There are four main findings: when more time was given, bilinguals and trilinguals incurred fewer errors relative to monolinguals; when more time was available, bilinguals and trilinguals outperformed monolinguals in repairing errors; the trilinguals utilized the language control mechanism most effectively among the four groups, bringing about the absence of the switch cost, whereas the monolinguals employed it least effectively; and bilingual and trilingual advantages emerged under the conditions of 'tone priming effect and fewer switch trials' as well as 'syllable-structure priming effect and more switch trials.'