監護處分及其危險性預後──以德國法作為借鏡

Disposition of Custody and its Danger Prognosis - German Law as a Guidance

我國刑法第87條監護處分修正案於2022年1月三讀通過，立法理由宣稱該修法係參考德國刑法，因此德國監護處分之完整規範、解釋與實務運作，對我國法具有重要意義與參考性。德國法之無限期監護處分之配套措施為不斷改善的「危險性預後鑑定」（Gefährlichkeitsprognosegutachten）及司法審查程序，其中尤以2016年刑法修正案以及相應的刑事法實體標準、程序要求、司法審查兩道期間門檻最為重要，而德國學理與實務上所探討之預後鑑定任務與最低要求，更值得我國參考。本文簡介德國刑事實體法與程序法上之規範、相應的學理討論與實務運作標準，並進而評論我國法規範之漏洞、新法片面繼受德國法制卻見樹不見林而可能造成的刑事政策赤字。

The amendment to Article 87 of Taiwan's criminal law on disposition of custody was passed on third reading in January 2022, with the legislative reasoning stating that the amendment is inherited from German criminal law. The complete regulation, interpretation and practical application of disposition of custody in Germany is therefore of great significance and in reference to Taiwanese criminal law. The German law on the disposition of custody for an indefinite period is supported by the continuous improvement of the ''Danger Prognosis Assessments'' (German: ''Gefährlichkeitsprognosegutachten'') and the judicial review process, of which the 2016 amendment to the German Criminal Code and the corresponding substantive standards, procedural requirements and two thresholds of judicial review are the most important, and the tasks and minimum requirements for prognosis, as discussed in German doctrine and practice, are worthy of our reference. This article briefly introduces the norms of German material and procedural criminal law, the corresponding doctrinal discussions and the practical standards of operation, and further reviews the loopholes in our legal norms and the possible deficit in criminal policy caused by the new law's piecemeal inheritance of the German legal system without seeing the wood for the trees.