韓戰前後美國政府之對臺政策與《中日和平條約》規劃

United States Policy toward Taiwan and Its Plans for the Treaty of Peace between the Republic of China and Japan before and after the Korean War

本文擬從戰後冷戰的發展脈絡，重新審思韓戰爆發與美國政府決心扶植臺灣之間政策上的因果關係，尤其是美國政府如何藉由主導《中日和平條約》的簽訂，讓中華民國在喪失對中國大陸實質管轄權以後，仍能在國際社會維繫其國際法人地位。為釐清何以韓戰的爆發是導致美國政府開始願意認同中華民國政府的樞紐，本文首先以韓戰爆發前夕，美國政府內部對臺政策的爭議為研究線索，探討「保護臺灣」與「放棄臺灣」兩派主張的理論依據，以及為何「放棄臺灣」的論述一度成為美國對臺政策的初步結論。復次，再以韓戰的爆發導致美國決心插手臺灣事務的始末，探討美國如何布署《中日和平條約》，如何與英、日兩國斡旋，以及中華民國在國際社會重新立足的過程中，美國所扮演的關鍵角色。

This article reassesses the causal relationship between the outbreak of the Korean War and the United States government’s determination to prop up Taiwan in the context of Cold War developments. It examines the ways in which the US took the lead in persuading Japan and Taiwan to sign a peace treaty between Japan and the Republic of China in a bid to enable the Republic of China (ROC) to maintain its status as an international legal entity in the international community after the ROC had lost its substantive jurisdiction over mainland China. In order to clarify why the outbreak of the Korean War was the pivot that led the US Government to pursue recognition for the Republic of China, this article first examines the controversy over the US government's policy towards Taiwan in the run-up to the outbreak of the Korean War, exploring the theoretical basis for the two schools of thought “Protecting Taiwan” and “Abandoning Taiwan,” as well as the reasons why the latter could, at one time, become the tentative conclusion of US policy toward Taiwan. Furthermore, this article explores why the outbreak of the Korean War resulted in the United States’ determination to intervene in the internal affairs of Taiwan. It also explores how the United States conducted its planning for the Peace Treaty between the Republic of China and Japan, and how the US mediated with the United Kingdom and Japan as well. This article also evaluates the key role the United States played in helping the Republic of China to regain its foothold in the international arena.