經歷、心態與認同：中日戰爭時期華中地區的六堆客家人

Experience, Outlook, Identity: The Liudui Hakka People in Central China during the Second Sino-Japanese War

本文以六堆幾位客家人留下的回憶錄為資料，探討他們於中日戰爭（1937-1945）期間在中國大陸華中地區流動的經歷、心態與認同變化。在戰爭之前，六堆客家人雖然不乏向華中地區流動的經驗，但多局限於上海租界地區等，鮮少涉足南京及更廣闊的腹地地區。戰爭爆發後，一方面想要逃避殖民地的軍事動員和戰爭體制壓力，另一方面則是憧憬華中地區的商業和工作機會，一些六堆客家人開始向南京及周邊地區流動。不過，在族群、社群、語言及利益集團互相擠壓的逼仄縫隙中，他們要找到生存空間並不容易。部分人士以「中國籍廣東人」的身分，在南京維新及汪精衛政府中央或地方機構任職；另外部分人士則以「日本籍臺灣人」（臺灣籍民）的身分，在日本人掌控的軍事、商業等機構中任職。然而無論在「中國籍廣東人」中，還是在「日本籍臺灣人」中，他們均屬少數族群，其認同與其說是左右逢源，毋寧說是進退維谷，政治選擇與心理掙扎亦頗為劇烈。對於六堆客家人這一海外經驗的追溯，將有助於從族群的角度，豐富對於臺灣歷史的理解。

This paper examines the memoirs of several Liudui Hakka individuals to consider how the experience of moving from Taiwan to central China during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) led to a new outlook on life and a new sense of identity. Prior to the war, the Liudui Hakka had been living in Taiwan for hundreds of years; though they sometimes migrated to central China during this time, they seldom made a serious attempt to integrate themselves with their surroundings. During the war, however, they could no longer afford to remain so isolated, for they had a compelling need to secure a livelihood. To make ends meet, some of them passed themselves off as ＂Cantonese Chinese,＂ which allowed them work in Nanjing and Shanghai, then under the control of Wang Jingwei's pro-Japanese Reformed Government of the Republic of China. Others referred to themselves as ＂Japanese of Taiwan,＂ so that they could tap into the social network of Japanese Taiwanese and work in various local Japanese organizations. No matter what identity they assumed, however, life was not easy for the Liudui Hakka during the war. Tracing the overseas experiences of the Liudui Hakka helps to enrich our understanding of Taiwan's history from an ethnic perspective.