新冠病毒疫情下東京奧運會的延期決定：從奧林匹克治理體系觀點分析

The decision to postpone the Tokyo Olympic Games due to the COVID-9 pandemic: A Governance of the Olympic System perspective

緒論：面臨新冠疫情大流行，原訂2020年夏季舉辦的東京奧運會被迫延期。本文目的主要探究東京奧運會延期決策過程，進而探析延期的關鍵決策者和因素，以及延辦的反思議題。方法：本文利用治理理論概念，並採用Chappelet（2021）的「奧林匹克治理體系（the governance of Olympic system）」作為研究的框架，同時採文件分析法，資料來源為中、英、日文相關學術文獻、官方資料以及新聞媒體報導，輔以訪談東京奧組委各局管理階層主管與日本奧林匹克運動研究學者。結果：研究結果發現，在治理體系中眾多的相關利益者裡，東京奧運會延期決策過程中，主要是由IOC的主席巴赫和日本政府時任前首相安倍晉三作為決策核心、東京奧組委和東京都政府作為執行單位、以及WHO作為外部專家。延期的決定主要是受到相關利益者的壓力，並涉及到以下三種因素，分別為維護參賽者的公平性、確保生命安全與健康福祉、降低財務與商業權益的損失等。此外，此次延辦的決定，對於日後IOC或承辦奧運會的國家或城市，具有以下三點值得反思的議題，其分別為重新審視現今奧林匹克治理體系之不足、主辦國承擔延期衍生的龐大費用、簡化的賽事成為未來奧組委之借鑒。結論：東京奧運會延期舉辦的決策和整個過程中所涉及各層面，更突顯現今奧運會舉辦的背後涉及許多相關利益者和巨額的經濟利益這一事實。不管是IOC、國際單項總會、國際大型賽會的主辦城市與政府皆須謹記在心，東京奧運會延辦所衍生的議題與龐大支出，將成為後疫情時代賽會籌備過程中需納入考量的核心議題。

Introduction: The Tokyo Olympic Games, originally scheduled for the summer of 2020, was postponed due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study was conducted to understand and identify key decision-makers and factors leading to the postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Methods: This study applied content analysis through the theoretical concept of governance and the lens of the‘Governance of the Olympic System’(Chappelet, 2021) to examine related media reports and official documents available in the Chinese, English, and Japanese languages. Additional information was gathered through eight interviews with managers of the Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (TOCOG) and Olympic research scholars from Japan. Results: Among stakeholders in the‘Governance of the Olympic System,’the president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Thomas Bach, and the Prime Minister of Japan, Abe Shinzo, played the most crucial roles in decision-making, whereas the TOCOG and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government acted as games implementers, and the World Health Organization (WHO) served as an external consultant. The key factors leading to the postponement decision included 1) participation eligibility and competitive fairness for the games; 2) ensuring the safety, health, and welfare of participants; and 3) financial or commercial considerations. These findings indicate a need to examine the potential inadequacies of the current Olympic governance system, determine who should bear the enormous costs associated with the decision to postpone the games, and consider the simplification of the games to serve as a model for future organizing committees and host nations. Conclusion: The decision to postpone the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and the aspects associated with the decision-making process highlight the large numbers of stakeholders with huge financial interests involved in the staging of the modern Olympic Games. The IOC, the International Federations, and the host city government of major international sporting events must consider the financial implications of taking public health measures when planning to stage games in the post-pandemic era.