譏刺君主和自我壓抑：錢謙益與沈德潛評杜差異及成因

On the Different Interpretations of Du Fu’s Poems between Qian Qianyi and Shen Deqian and the Reasons for the Differences

沈德潛《唐詩別裁集》重訂本評杜甫詩，數次援引錢謙益《錢注杜詩》，卻將其中關涉譏刺君王字句通通抹除否定。本文以此為切入點，首先全面探討錢、沈二氏評杜之差異：前者頗重抉發刺君旨意，而後者就諷君議題，態度或否認或迴避。其次，檢視此差異之緣由，尤為強調詮釋者受所處歷史脈絡之影響。學者雖多提及錢氏挫敗的政治生涯，然忽略一點：明清鼎革之際，貶抑君主風潮盛行，與錢氏評杜倡諷君說亦有關聯。至於沈德潛諱言譏刺，固然意在逢迎乾隆「忠孝」詩觀，但也顯露文人的自我審查及壓抑，由此見出權力在詩學場域的延展。

In interpreting Du Fu’s poems in Tang Shi Bie Cai Ji (revised version), Shen Deqian frequently quoted from Qian Qianyi’s Qian Zhu Du Shi. However, when it comes to satire of emperors in Du Fu’s poems, Shen held very different views from Qian. This paper discusses the main differences between Qian and Shen in their interpretations of Du Fu’s poems: while Qian emphasized on Du Fu’s critical attitude towards emperors, Shen tended to look away or deny the criticism of emperors in Du Fu’s poems. In addition, this paper analyzes the reasons why Shen and Qian have distinct viewpoints on Du’s satire of emperors, by particularly emphasizing the influences of the different historical periods in which the two scholars lived. Many have argued that Qian’s political failure in the late Ming Dynasty is an important affecting factor, while the crucial social change in Qian’s time is often neglected: The authority of emperors had significantly decayed in the late Ming Dynasty and intellectuals began to challenge their emperors. As for Shen, this paper shows that he was suppressed by the emperor Qian Long’s poetics of zhongxiao 忠孝 (loyalty and filial piety). This phenomenon not only demonstrates Shen’s flattery as a civilian official, but also shows his self-censorship, self-repression by yielding to the poetry criticism trend of Qing.