基本權利私人間效力：直接還是間接？

基本權利私人間效力的概念需要澄清，不同層面的意義必須區分。在規範根據意義上肯定直接效力，以強調基本權利的私人間效力不必借道個人—國家關係，在司法援用意義上以間接效力為原則，以強調憲法與民法互補交融，如此便能使直接與間接效力各得其分、相容互補。在中國憲法下，不但應承認客觀法意義上的直接效力，還應承認主觀權利意義上的直接效力。基本權利在私人間適用時具有與對國家適用時不同的操作框架與規範屬性，無需擔心對國家的正當化標準會運用於私人。此一操作框架不是公法上的權利義務傾斜配置，而是以協調平衡私主體間平等的自由為目標的具體法益衡量。在規範屬性上，憲法不只是公法，在私人間適用的基本權利是私法規範。

The concept of the horizontal effect of constitutional rights needs to be clarified, and different levels of meaning must be distinguished. In order to emphasize that this effect need not be based on the citizen-state relationship, the direct horizontal effect should be affirmed on the level of normative basis. Conversely, on the level of norm application, the indirect horizontal effect should be the principle, in order to emphasize that constitutional law and civil law are complementary and intertwined. In this way, the direct and the indirect effect an each have their place and be compatible. When applied between private persons, constitutional rights have different operational framework and normative properties than when applied to the state. Therefore, there is no need to worry that the standards of justification for the state will be applied to private persons. This operational framework is not an asymmetric arrangement that disadvantages only one party, but a symmetric balancing of equal freedoms of private persons. In terms of normative properties, the constitution is not only public law. Rather, constitutional rights, insofar as they apply between private persons, are norms of private law.