波蘭獄政懲罰觀與社會秩序維持關聯之變革

The Historical Transformation of Polish Prison Administration’s View on Punishment and the Maintenance of Social Order

波蘭，是在中歐及東歐國家之中，第一個成立後共產主義（post-communist）的政府。當然，在實施共產主義的國家，也會無所不用其極地利用刑事法及監禁的手段鞏固其政權，其中包含了肆無忌憚地拘捕，以長期自由刑限制人身自由，迄於1985 年波蘭共產政府終於失去最後殘餘政權；但對人民而言，監獄就是共產威權之象徵，1989 年之後，人民對於監獄的恐懼陰影猶存，且適逢政權轉換後之經濟危機，監獄受刑人原本是國家經濟主力之廉價勞工功能性消失，並礙於該國文化、經濟及人民知識水準等諸般複合因素，致使其獄政改革雖未能克盡全功，但仍已有大幅進步。相較於我國，「矯正」是刑事司法最後一道防線，入監矯正最主要目的就是「教化」，但世界各國監獄共同面臨的問題就是教化能力有限，以及社會如何寬容地接納更生人之復歸，本文所欲探討者為波蘭於獄政上之懲罰矯正觀點，以1989 年為例，從歷史回顧的全觀微視該國獄政之變革，並具體建議以人本犯罪學為王道，建構符合社會國人性關懷之監獄治理模式。

Poland is the first to establish a post-communist government in Central and Eastern European countries. Of course, in communist countries, criminal law and imprisonment will be used in every way to consolidate power, including unscrupulous arrests and long-term prison sentences restricting personal freedom. As of 1985, the Polish Communist government finally lost its last power. But for the people, prison is a symbol of communist authority. After 1989, the people’s fear of prisons remained, and it coincided with the economic crisis after the regime change. The functionality of prison inmates that were originally cheap labor has disappeared, and due to the country’s culture, economy, and people’s knowledge level and other complex factors, the prison reform has not achieved full results, but has made substantial progress. Compared with our country,“correction”is the last line of defense in criminal justice. The main purpose of imprisonment correction is“education”. However, the common problem faced by prisons all over the world is the limited capacity for education and how to accept rehabilitated persons back into society tolerately. What this article intends to discuss is Poland’s perspectives on punishment and correction in prisons, and take 1989 as an example to examine the country’s prison policy changes from the perspective of historical review. In addition, this article also specifically suggests that human-centered criminology should be the kingly way, and a“social state”prison governance model that conforms to humanistic care should be constructed in the future.