二十一世紀學習的新趨勢：自主學習與深度學習的理論與教學策略

New Trends in 21st Century Learning: Theories and Teaching Strategies for Self-Directed Learning and Deep Learning

臺灣自 2019 年起實施十二年國民基本教育課程綱要，培養具備自主行動、溝通互動、社會參與等核心素養的終身學習者，以利其能整合所學應用於生活情境與因應未來挑戰。本文旨在探討二十一世紀學習新趨勢之自主學習與深度學習的意涵、理論、教學策略與可能問題。本研究採文件分析與文獻評析，研究發現：（一）全人教育理念之「自主行動」核心素養的內涵包括自我調整學習、主動學習與創新求變以及在個人成長歷程中追求至善與幸福人生。（二）「自主學習」概念包含自我調整學習、動機、個人責任、自主等四個向度。（三）自我調整學習、合作調整學習、社會共同調整學習等三種類型的調整學習，有助於電腦支援協作學習成功實施。（四）深度學習設計包括學習夥伴關係、學習環境、數位科技應用及教學法實踐等四項要素。（五）社會文化觀點創造「深度學習」解決課題歷程的八個循環階段的教學策略。最後，研究者提出三點建議供中小學教師參考。

Taiwan has implemented new Curriculum Guidelines of 12-Year Basic Education since 2019. The central goal of the guidelines is to cultivate students as lifelong learners with autonomous action, interactive communication and social participation core competencies in order for them to integrate and apply learned knowledge to real-life tasks and to respond to future challenges. This paper aims to explore the meaning, theories, problems and teaching strategies for the new trends in self-directed learning (SDL) and deep learning. This study adopted documentary analysis and literature review. The conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) The connotation of ‘autonomous action’ competency under the idea of holistic education includes self-regulated learning (SRL), active learning, creativity to respond to changes and seeking perfection and well-being through personal growth. (2) The SDL reveals four dimensions which are SRL, motivation, personal responsibility, and autonomy. (3) In computer-supported collaborative learning, three types of regulated learning which are SRL, co-regulated learning (CoRL) and socially shared regulated learning (SSRL) contribute to collaborative success. (4) Deep learning design includes four elements which are learning partnerships, learning environments, leveraging digital, pedagogical practices. (5) Sociocultural perspective has created eight recycling stages for ‘deep learning’. Finally, the author provided suggestions for effective teaching and learning strategies to school teachers.