高齡化城市之旅運特性及旅次發生分析：以澳門地區為例

Analysis of Travel Characteristics and Trip Generation in an Aging City: A Case Study of Macao

澳門地區正由現時的高齡化社會邁入高齡社會，此造成了高齡者交通需求的增加及整體旅運行為的變化。一般而言，高齡者的行動能力及旅運需求跟其他年齡的旅運者有很大差異，然而，目前的交通運輸規劃尚未充分考量不同年齡層的旅運行為特性，家戶旅次調查亦未有針對高齡族群進行更深入的探討，因此有需要進一步研究高齡者的旅運需求模式及其影響因素。本研究之目的在於探討澳門地區居民旅次發生的影響因素，並比較高齡者和非高齡者旅次發生模式之差異，且進一步針對高齡者群體之中不同年齡階層的旅次發生模式進行比較。研究方法上，係透過能代表澳門地區居民特性的澳門交通出行調查資料庫之取用，以排序普羅比模式來建構不同旅次類型下各年齡群體之旅次發生模式。研究結果發現澳門地區居民旅次發生之影響因素包含了家戶特性、個人特性及土地使用特性，並釐清了不同年齡族群在不同旅次類型下旅次發生的異同：（1）在家戶特性上，相較於非高齡者而言，高齡者的非工作旅次數，較不具備因家中持有私人運具而增加的傾向；（2）在個人特性上，生理上行動不便對高齡者總旅次發生的削減較為明顯；（3）在土地使用特性上，高齡者的工作旅次及非工作旅次皆較易受高人口密度的影響而減少，然而高齡者的非工作旅次同時有著較易因高土地使用混合度而增加的傾向；研究發現可推論澳門的都市設計應把可步行性納入重要考量，為高齡者提供友善的步行環境。本研究之結果，將能提供決策者在面對高齡化社會下制定高齡者的都市及交通運輸政策之參考依據。

The transition from an aging society to an aged one is occurring in Macao with increasing concerns in the travel demand of seniors. The travel behavior of seniors differs significantly from those of the travelers of other ages, but the current practice of transportation planning, however, does not address the problem and mobility needs of different age groups. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of trip generation of Macao residents among the senior and non-senior groups using trip generation models. We further explore the trip generation and its determinants for the seniors at different age groups. The Household Travel Characteristic Survey data in Macao are analyzed, and an ordered probit model is applied to build trip generation models of different ages with distinct trip types. The results reveal that the determinants of resident trip generation consist of household, individual, and land use characteristics. It is found that the key determinants on the similarities and dissimilarities in the trip generation of different ages with distinct trip types are: (i) for household characteristics, compared to non-seniors, the number of senior non-working trips is not inclined to increase with owning private modes in the household; (ii) for individual characteristics, physical disability relatively has a negative impact on total trip generation for seniors; and (iii) for land use characteristics, senior working trips and non-working trips are inclined to decrease with high population density, but meanwhile, senior non-working trips is inclined to increase with highly mixed land use. The results infer that walkability should be considered as a priority in the urban design in Macao to provide a friendly walking environment to the seniors. The findings of this study could provide insights for the decision makers in formulating the urban and transportation policy for seniors in preparing for an aging society.