晚清「保中國不保大清」說的生成與傳播──從文悌嚴參康有為之事說起

Origination and Propagation of the Late Qing Theory of''Protecting China but Not the Great Qing Dynasty'': Wenti's Censure of Kang Youwei

御史文悌（1848-?）於光緒二十四年（1898）五月二十日上奏嚴參康有為（1858-1927），認為康有為等人組織保國會，有「保中國不保大清」的意圖。「保中國不保大清」說，於慈禧太后（1835-1908）發動政變後，重覆在上諭、奏摺以及報刊文章中出現，塑造了康、梁的負面形象。在戊戌到庚子間的保守政治氛圍裡，文悌上奏彈劾康有為，為他提供了一種政治資本，使其在保守人士眼裡的身價提升。也正因為如此，趨新人士把文悌視為保守派的代表人物或清廷的走狗，在進入清末新政時期以後，報刊上屢見嘲諷文悌的文章。革命派人士為「保中國不保大清」一說賦予了新的意義，從而將其當作革命宣傳的武器。本文梳理文悌嚴參康有為的奏摺和「保中國不保大清」說所引起的反響，分析晚清時期人物政治形象被塑造的過程，進而指出在此過程中報刊或宣傳冊子等新媒介的作用。

On July 8, 1898, the Imperial Censor Wen Ti censured Kang Youwei, charging that Kang and others had intended to ''Protect China but not the Great Qing Dynasty'' by organizing the Protect the Country Society. The phrase ''Protect China but not the Great Qing Dynasty'' appeared repeatedly in the press and magazines after the coup d'état of Empress Cixi, creating a negative image of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Wen Ti's censure of Kang Youwei raised Wen Ti's stature in the eyes of conservatives and won him political capital in the conservative political environment from 1898 to 1900. However, this led the reformists to regard Wen Ti as a representative of the conservatives or a lackey of the Qing court, and after the New Deal period at the end of the Qing Dynasty, many articles that lampooned Wen Ti were published. Moreover, the revolutionaries re-interpreted the theory of ''Protect China but not the Great Qing Dynasty'' and used it as a weapon in their revolutionary propaganda. The present article analyzes the process of political image-making during the late Qing by examining the repercussions of Wen Ti's censure of Kang Youwei and his theory of ''Protect China but not the Great Qing Dynasty.'' I also discuss the role of the new media, such as newspapers, magazines, and propaganda pamphlets in this process.