「共說張春第一人」──東亞視野下明末將領張春事蹟的流布與書寫

The Dissemination and Accounts of General Zhang Chun's Deeds in East Asian Perspectives

明末將領張春（1565-1641）被後金俘虜之後，堅貞不屈，從未投降。其事蹟被清官方、清朝士人以及朝鮮人廣為傳頌，諸多人士為其樹碑立傳，形成了一種不同於尋常的歷史現象。張春事蹟之所以備受關注，一方面由於當時朱子學的共同思想傳統，其忠貞事蹟有益於培植忠義觀念；另一方面，實際也契合了作傳者各自不同的內在訴求。亦即，清官方力圖借此來確立清太宗皇太極（1592-1643，1626-1643在位）「以仁厚立國」的開明形象；湯斌（1627-1687）等清初官僚士紳以之頌揚新朝，同時向民間宣揚理學綱常、敦行教化。與此形成對比的是，朝鮮士人出於朝鮮臣服清人的歷史與現實，通過表彰與其有相似處境的張春，來抒發對清人之不滿。這些群體對張春事蹟的不同認識與書寫，既反映出當時東亞世界共同利用朱子學進行國家治理的歷史特點，也清晰說明了清朝、朝鮮在明清易代之後的思想歧異與貌合神離。

After he was captured by Later Jin forces in 1631, Zhang Chun (?-1640), a general of the falling Ming Dynasty, remained indomitable and never surrendered. Indeed, when Hong Taiji (1592-1643) personally served him with food to show his sincerity, Zhang still refused and was kept in a temple until his death. Zhang Chun's deeds were praised by Qing officials and scholars, as well as by Korean officials and scholars. Many biographies of Zhang Chun were written at the time, which formed an unusual phenomenon. There are several reasons why Zhang Chun attracted so much adulation. On the one hand, given the deeply held Neo-Confucian values at that time, Zhang Chun's deeds struck a chord and inspired the spirit of loyalty; on the other hand, this promotion of Zhang Chun also fit the internal demands of the authors of the biographies. For example, Qing officials were striving to build a positive image of Qing emperor Taizong as an enlightened emperor, determined to ''found the dynasty on benevolence (ren).'' Meanwhile, Tang Bin (1627-1687) and other elite Confucians praised the new dynasty while disseminating Confucian education in society. For their part, the Korean scholars expressed dissatisfaction with Qing rule while commending Zhang Chun, with whom they sympathized. The different accounts of Zhang Chun's deeds produced by these diverse groups not only reflects the central role played by Neo-Confucianism in national governance around East Asia at the time; it also highlights the deep divergence in attitude between the Qing Dynasty and the Joseon Dynasty after the fall of the Ming Dynasty.