一事不再理原則（ne bis in idem）及其跨國性運用

The Principle of ne bis in idem and Its Transnational Application

系所名稱：法律學系
學位別：碩士
畢業學年：100年
指導教授：林鈺雄
作為近代刑事訴訟法上公平審判程序下位概念一環的「一事不再理」原則，其概念上的擴展及內涵上的外延，是一個漫長的進程。這個自羅馬法以來即存在之法學概念，最一開始被以「國家本位」之視角進行定位，而被視為國家訴權消耗的當然結果，直至啟蒙時代發生了「人本思想」的典範移轉後，其更進一步被賦予了個人基本權利之性質。隨著區域整合成為一種趨勢，國與國之間的藩籬逐漸破除，個人在不同國家間來往、遷徙之自由漸漸受到承認，但其因為同一犯罪行為而受到不同公權力主體重複處罰的可能性亦隨之提高。為維護區域整合運動拓展個人跨國/跨境遷徙自由之終極目的，一事不再理原則跨境運用之潛力，漸漸被人們所察覺。以歐洲經驗為例，歐盟國家在制訂《申根協定施行公約》，確立了「跨國性一事不再理」於歐盟國家之法律地位後，最新的進展是其於2009年被《歐盟基本權利憲章》進一步以「歐盟憲法位階」進行再定位。在可預見的未來，海峽兩岸間的交流只會逐漸趨於緊密頻繁。其重要性逐漸提高、但在本土上仍屬新興法學議題的「跨國性一事不再理」，其法學意義上的探索即不得不藉助比較法研究之幫助來加以深化。歐洲實務及學說在相關法律規範的適用過程中所發展出來的意見，對於海峽兩岸之間未來相關法律制度的建制，因此即具有相當之參考價值。

The guarantee of ne bis in idem is rather complex. In 2002 the ECHR observed that its case-law on this subject was not especially well developed, a fact which can be explained not only by the small number of cases which have come before the Strasbourg organs, but also by some obvious contradictions in the jurisprudence. This Master Thesis will focus on a comparison of the texts of the different normative instruments followed by a general overview of the development of the guarantee as a human right. Thereafter the aim and purpose of the right, the scope of its application, and the exceptions to the principle will be discussed.The ECHR used to make it very clear that the double-jeopardy principle can only be applied at national level. In other words, from the perspective of the ECHR, a person may legitimately be tried again for an offence which has already been the object of conviction and sentencing in a different state. However, with the entering into force of the regulation of the European arrest warrant, judgments passed in one Member State are valid for all other Member States. Therefore the European Union will have to be considered as a ''state'' as far as the protection against double jeopardy is concerned.Furthermore, Article 50 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union states:''No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again in criminal proceedings for an offence for which he or she has already been finally acquitted or convicted within the Union in accordance with the law.'' The Explanatory Notes accompanying the Charter explain that the provision ''corresponds to Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to the ECHR, but its scope is extended to European Union level between the Courts of the member States''. Thus the principle applies not only within the jurisdiction of one state but also between the jurisdictions of several Member States.After the regional integration turns into a global-wide trend, the transnational application of principle ne bis in idem also becomes increasingly important. It could be imagined that this issue will be discussed between R. O. C. and P. R. C. in the near future, and the experience of Europe will be very helpful.