政治民主化對社會福利建構方向之影響──戰後到2016年臺灣與新加坡老年福利政策與法規實踐發展探討

Democratization’s Influence to Social Welfare Policy Construction: A comparative study of Postwar to 2016 Senior Citizens Welfare Policies and Legislation between Taiwan and Singapore

本文從臺灣與新加坡在戰後的福利政治發展分析，檢視不同階段的政治民主化發展對老年福利政策與法規實踐的影響，探討社會福利起源理論對東亞民主政體福利發展之適用性。本研究發現如下：(1) 解嚴後回歸民主政制與政權競爭的台灣，落實憲法以全民普及保護為目標的社會保險體制，近年來的福利政治過程也開始出現應進行反思性民主對話的反省，不再只是選民自利取向；(2) 軟性威權統治下有限民主的新加坡，承繼英國殖民遺緒以中央公積金制度為主，建立以個人與家庭責任為主的殘補式體制，政府福利角色撤退，但近2 屆國會大選，在野黨席次顯著增加，政黨競爭趨熱，老年福利政見的輿論攻防成為選戰熱門議題，加大了社會福利政策的論述空間與實際立法實踐的實施意願。綜合以上，本研究認為民主化發展對臺灣與新加坡的老年社會福利政策成長與正當性論述鞏固都有相當正面的促進效果。

This study focused on how democratization influences development of social welfare regime, and discussed how theories of welfare policy development applied to East-Asia welfare states’ experience, by cases of Postwar Taiwan and Singapore. Research conclusions as below: (1) Taiwan, developed a liberal democratic political regime, built a social insurance model for all nationals, its’ development of pension policies and elderly allowance programs are instances, after 2000, more reflexive democratic discourses were noticed in Taiwanese civil society, positive political emotions of people made social welfare development changed into new direction; (2) Singapore, a limited democratic state under soft authoritarianism, developed a Central Provident Fund centered residual welfare model, but by members of parliament of opposition party increased significantly in last two general election, also made welfare policy as a hot public issue, pushed ruling party develop more welfare policy legislations. To sum up, democratization’s influence to social welfare development was positive in cases of postwar Taiwan and Singapore.