自由、平等、同性愛：民國時期社會主義視野的性／別論述

Liberty, Equality, and Homosexuality: Discourses on Sex/Gender in the Socialist Perspective during the Minguo Era

民國時期受社會主義思潮影響的知識青年，如何思考性／親密關係議題與提出以友愛為基礎的社會連帶想像？本文特別關注「同性戀愛」並涉及婚姻家庭、政治經濟、社會國家，甚至人類世界及宇宙的性／別論述。本文分析馬克思主義者胡秋原闡述同性戀愛的回應文章，聚焦他通過譯寫英國社會主義思想家卡本特開展的友愛大同想像，並探討無政府主義者謙弟和劍波參與戀愛論的筆戰文章，指出他們在性／親密關係議題上，既學習又超越美國無政府主義運動者高德曼的思想。本文論證同性戀的認識論構作，關乎「個人與社會應如何變革」之政治方案的根本差異，對這些青年來說，同性戀是在不同經濟條件和歷史過程生產出來的特定關係與情感樣態。

How did the young intellectuals who were influenced by the socialism during the Minguo era think about the issue of sex/intimacy and propose the imaginations of social solidarity based on friendship? This article pays special attention to how tongxinglianai as an idea was put forth with regard to the sex/ gender discourses of marriage and family, politics and economy, society and nation, and even the world and the universe in the said period. This paper examines Marxist Qiuyuan Hu's writings about tongxinglianai, and focuses on his Datong imagination through his translations of the British socialist thinker Edward Carpenter's works. This paper also explores anarchists Qiandi's and Jianbo's articles in a love debate, and points out that their conceptualizations about love and intimacy were both built on and yet went beyond the work of the American anarchist Emma Goldman. This paper argues that different formations of homosexual epistemology are related to how various political ideologies differently imagine the transformation of the society. For these socialist intellectuals, homosexuality is a specific relationship and affective state which is produced under particular economic conditions and historical processes.