貪腐關乎性別？性別刻板印象影響廉能治理之初探

Gender and Corruption: An Exploratory Study on the Effect of Gender Stereotypes on Public Integrity and Governance

世界銀行曾指出一項有趣的貪腐現象：相較於男性，女性對於公部門的貪腐有較強烈的免疫能力。一般而言，如果女性涉入公共生活越深，則政府的貪腐程度將越低，這項報告引發國際上不少研究論辯。相關論者對於性別影響貪腐背後的因果關係，目前仍莫衷一是。為釐清性別究竟是如何影響貪腐？本研究透過性別社會角色的觀點，歸納出性別與貪腐潛在制約與分析框架，運用深度訪談法並結合臺灣公部門組織系絡，釐清性別對於公務人員貪腐的可能影響路徑。研究結果發現：性別與貪腐具有關聯性，惟解讀相關因素時，應留意其非單一層面的直線發展，而是彼此交互作用的影響過程；包括：宏觀環境系絡層面之社會價值期待與性別刻板印象、中觀公務體系結構層面之男女權力網絡與升遷機會等資源的失衡、微觀個體動機層面之男女對涉貪的不同風險與報酬評估等，均對貪腐表現至關重要。藉由本研究相關成果的歸納，除了更細緻釐清性別與貪腐的影響機制外，也肯認性別納入廉政推動考量的必要性，以利於廉能治理的推動。

The World Bank pointed out an interesting phenomenon: Women are less susceptible to corruption in the public sector than men are, suggesting that greater female involvement in public life can result in lower levels of corruption in the government. Although the World Bank's report has inspired much global research and debate, there is still little understanding-and much less agreement-on the causation between gender and corruption. To clarify how gender affects corruption, this study summarizes the potential constraints and analytical framework of gender and corruption from the perspective of the gender social role using an in-depth interview method in the context of Taiwanese public institutions. The results indicated that the correlation between gender and corruption should be interpreted by the relevant factors and its interaction effects, including three structural levels: macro-environmental level on social value expectations and gender stereotypes, meso-governmental level on the imbalance of resources between genders (i.e., promotion opportunities between men and women), and micro-individual level on the risk awareness and reward assessments involved in the corruption. This study clarifies the impact mechanism of gender and corruption, but it also recognizes the need to consider the gender factor in building a government with integrity.