國際私法對消費者之保護──以涉外消費契約事件之國際裁判管轄及準據法選擇為中心

Consumer Protection in Private International Law: With Emphasis on the International Jurisdiction to Adjudicate in Consumer Contract Cases and the Choice of Law of Consumer Contracts

本文以國際私法對消費者之保護為題，就晚近若干國際私法立法所形成以保護消費者為目的之消費契約國際裁判管轄法則及消費契約衝突法則立法新趨勢，介紹並分析之，最後並對現行法基於保護消費者之原則應如何解釋適用，以及將來消費契約國際裁判管轄法則及消費契約衝突法則之增訂，提出建議。保護消費者於今時已成為國際共同價值，而服務實體法之國際私法，面對實體結果所欲追求的保護消費者之實體正義，應有所調整，方能更有效率地協力於達成保護消費者之實體正義。國際私法為因應此，乃將保護消費者之實體正義融入涉外消費契約事件國際裁判管轄權之決定及準據法之選擇，於涉外消費契約國際裁判管轄權決定階段及準據法選擇階段即執行消費者保護，於國際裁判管轄採行保護管轄，於衝突法則採取具保護消費者目的之雙面衝突法則，便利消費者接近法院以利用國際裁判管轄制度主張權利或防衛權利之程序保障目的及保護消費者之實體正義目的。

"Cross-border consumers’access to justice has become a commonly debated topic in the contemporary world, especially with the contribution and influence of e-commerce. In a globalized world, where the fact of being a consumer is a valuable asset, the cross-border implications of consumer contracts need to be effectively tackled by legislators. The protection of consumers is a phenomenon that is gaining ever increasing importance. Consumer contracts generate original questions which have not been considered under traditional private international law theories. The application of private international law to consumer contracts raises new and complex questions. The assertion-of-court’s-jurisdiction methodology and choice-of-law methodology are both based on contracts with a specific location so that they make the traditional private international law value-neutralized tool. The value-neutralized tool is based on contacts with a specific location that interferes with and breaks the goal and the enforcement of the consumer protection. For the purpose of eliminating the interference caused by the value-neutralized tool that interferes and breaks the goal and the enforcement of consumer protection, private international law should not keep its neutral nature but incorporates consumer protection. To incorporate consumer protection into private international law means to consider material consequence in advance when processing the assertion-of-court’s-jurisdiction process and the choice-of-law process, and it makes private international law from the value-neutralized private international law to the value-oriented private international law. Consumer protection in private international law is now an integral part of legal systems around the world. It has also penetrated the realm of private international law. In this article, attention will be focused on the jurisdictional rules and conflicts rules relating to consumer contracts. This article will analyze how private international law incorporates consumer protection into the assertion-of-court’s-jurisdiction process and the choice-of-law process. Finally, this article will make suggestions to“Law Governing the Application of Laws to Civil Matters Involving Foreign Elements”of R.O.C.."