清初假隱風氣初論

A Preliminary Study on the False Hermit Trend in the Early Qing Dynasty

清初有關假隱士的描述、抨擊以及嘲諷為數不少，迄今尚無系統梳理此一現象的研究。本文採取「跨文類」的研究方法，在不同類別如詩歌、文集、史書、戲曲、小說、筆記等的文獻基礎上，嘗試闡明：清朝定鼎導致漢人的政治立場搖擺，為假隱提供了動機；藉著呂留良詩作窺探士人對假隱風氣的鄙夷態度，並證明清初普遍文人對假隱風氣有過厭惡；最後闡述清初文人武將對仿陶者、仿夷齊者之批評連帶催生一些貶陶、貶夷齊之言論，藉此窺見在歷代批評假隱的「共相」話語之外的「殊相」。這些批評話語，生動而具體地勾勒了假隱士的行為與心態， 可見「假隱」作為一種貪圖「虛名」與「實惠」的造作行為，確實在清初形成了一股「風氣」。隨著清朝政權的鞏固，這些批評持續出現，不失為一個側面窺見漢人漸漸就範於清朝統治的歷史進程，藉此瞭解到清初士人對清政權從抗拒至容受的政治立場、文化心態之轉折。

"There are a lot of documents criticizing false hermits in the early Qing Dynasty. However, there is no relevant research so far. This article adopts a “cross-genre” research method. On the basis of different types of documents, it is expounded that the wavering political stance of Han people motivated the false hermit trend. By exploring the literati’s contemptuous attitude towards false hermits through Lü Liuliang’s poems, it is proved that the general literati in the early Qing Dynasty had aversion to false hermits. Under the false hermit atmosphere, the literati in the early Qing Dynasty made some extraordinary derogatory remarks against Tao Yuanming, Boyi, and Shuqi. These critical words vividly outlined the behavior and mentality of the false hermits. It can be seen that “false hermits,” as an act of coveting fame and fortune, created an atmosphere in the early Qing Dynasty. With the consolidation of the Qing regime, these ongoing criticisms reflect the historical process of the Han people’s gradual submission to the Qing Dynasty’s rule."