一般國際法在“安全例外”條款適用中的作用探析

The Function of General International Law in the Application of Security Exception Clause

近年來，WTO爭端解決與國際投資仲裁機制當中頻頻出現''安全例外''相關案件，且大量涉及非傳統安全問題。''安全例外''本身措辭的模糊性導致一般國際法被大量應用于條約解釋當中，目前共出現三種演繹方式:認定涉案條約具有充分自足性，拒絕對其進行補充;承認''安全例外''存在解釋或補充的空間，進而從習慣國際法、一般法律原則或條約解釋規則當中尋求補充性規則;以習慣國際法''吸收''條約法，進而否定條約法的適用空間。由于國際投資法自足性本身存疑、''安全例外''本身屬于初級規范且相對于一般國際法屬于特別法，上述第一、三種演繹方式存在法律錯誤。而對于一般國際法應當在何種程度上解釋''安全例外''，目前國際社會的共識包括尊重當事國對其基本安全利益的界定，同時秉持客觀文本主義態度對''安全例外''進行法制化約束。對我國而言，我國國際司法與締約實踐均傾向于限制性解讀''安全例外''。基于此，應引入包括''正當程序''''非歧視''等一般法律原則，同習慣國際法一并加強對''安全例外''的解釋。

"In recent years,WTO dispute settlement and international investment arbitrations often come across cases concerning security exceptions and a majority of them concern non-traditional security issues. General international law frequently get adopted in the interpretation of security clauses,and they function in three major ways: tribunals consider BITs to be self-sustaining and consequently refuse to supplement it with anything;acknowledging that security exceptions could be interpreted or supplemented and find supplementary rules from customary international law,general principles or treaty interpretation rules; absorbing treaty law into customary international law and de facto negate the application of treaty law.Since it is skeptical that international investment law could ever be self-sustaining,security exceptions are primary rules of international law and special law compared to general international law, the first and third approaches are jurisprudentially faulty. As to the proper way of interpretation,international consensus include a deference to member states’designation of essential security interests and a judicial restraint upon security exceptions with an attitude of objective textualism.As to China,our judicial and treaty negotiation practices support a limited interpretation of security exception.Therefore,it is advisable to adopt such general principles as due process and non-discrimination in the interpretation of security exceptions along with customary international law."