過失犯中被害人的作為義務與自我負責的邊界

被害人自我答責理論強調自我決定，從而保障個人自由。法所關注的領域，是交往性的契約領域。非契約領域，屬個體的自治空間。刑法並不關注發生在“自我管轄領域”內的“侵害行為和侵害結果”。在自治領域，被害人應當確保“結果的不發生”。對參與被害人“自我管轄領域”內的行為，立足於限制的正犯概念和共犯的二元參與體系的概念，能夠在教義學上得到準確解讀。義務人在事實上有防止結果發生的可能性、義務履行與利益損害不能顯著失衡、不能以生命為代價履行義務、人身保護與財產保護義務的“強制力”應當有別，是考量作為義務邊界的因素。超出財產保護義務履行範圍的，義務人完全進入到了自我管轄的空間。對於造成的損害結果，由被害人答責。超越人身保護義務的，應區分職業義務人與非職業義務人，分別對待。行為人創設的風險與職業義務人傷亡之間存在緊密關聯之時，屬急迫性風險，由行為人答責。職業義務人正常履行職業義務的，屬職業性管轄。職業義務人發生誤判之時，不能由職業義務人自我答責。無義務者實施保護行為造成損害的，應該對侵害結果自我答責。

"The theories of victim’s self-responsibility protect individual freedom via attaching enhanced importance to self-determination. The focus of law is on the area of communicative contracts. The non-contractual area is pure individual autonomy. Criminal law does not pay attention to the“infringement behavior and result”when infringement as such occurs within“individual autonomy”. Within the field of self-autonomy, victim shall ensure that“the injury does not happen”. Regarding victim’s behaviors within the scope of individual autonomy, legal doctrines can be properly applied to the interpretation of restricted principal offender and dual participation system for accomplices. Determining the act obligation shall consider following factors: the obligor actually has the possibility of preventing the result from happening; the obligor’s performances and potential damages shall neither significantly out of balance, nor at the cost of life; and the“coercive force”of obligation as such shall be different between the physical protection and property protection. If the scope of performance of the property protection obligation is exceeded, the obligor has completely entered the realm of individual autonomy, and the victim shall be responsible for any damage caused. Those who exceed the obligation of physical protection shall be considered separately between professional obligors and non-professional obligors. An urgent risk occurs when there is a close relationship between the risk created by the actor and the casualties of the professional obligor, and the actor shall be responsible for it. A normal performance out of the professional obligations belongs to the professional obligor’s jurisdiction. While performing the professional obligations, the professional obligors may not be self-responsible for their misjudgments. If the non-obligated person performs a protective act and causes damage, this person shall be accountable for the infringement result."