“存疑有利於被告原則”在國際刑法中的適用及其反思

The Application of“In Dubio Pro Reo”in International Criminal Law

'存疑有利於被告原則''在國際刑法中被定位為程序和實體通用的總和原則。對於該原則在國際刑事訴訟程序中對事實之疑的適用，國際刑法吸收了普通法系和大陸法系的一致性規定並融合了無罪推定原則和排除合理懷疑原則。兩大法系對於''存疑有利於被告原則''在法律之疑適用上的分歧也體現在國際刑事實體法的發展過程中，但支持將該原則適用於法律解釋的普通法系觀點始終占據支配地位，並以成文法的形式將該原則明確定位為合法性原則的衍生。相比國內法，該原則在國際刑事實體法中的適用有著更充分的法理基礎，是國際刑法的特殊人權保障機能和維護國家主權的必然要求。在國際刑法的語境下，應遵循刑法的特殊解釋方法即存疑有利於被告人原則優先於國際條約法中包括目的解釋在內的一般解釋方法的效力和位階。

"The principle of“in dubio pro reo”applies both procedurally and substantively in the context of international criminal law. For the application of“in dubio pro reo”to the findings of facts in international criminal procedures, the undisputed provision under both the common law and the civil law systems has also been adopted by international criminal law, which further combines the principle of presumption of innocence and the principle of beyond reasonable doubt. The differences on the application of“in dubio pro reo”to the interpretations of law between the two systems can find its reflections in the evolution of substantive international criminal norms, but the common law’s supportive position has been dominating in the whole process, and the principle of“in dubio pro reo”has eventually been incorporated into statutory law as part of the principle of legality. Comparing with domestic law, the application of“in dubio pro reo”in substantive international criminal law has more solid legal grounds, which is required by its special mandate to protect human rights and state sovereignty. In the context of international criminal law,“in dubio pro reo”, which is a special interpretative rule in criminal law, should have primacy over the general interpretative methods, especially the teleological approach, under the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties."