半總統制總統化和議會化的權力平衡、路徑依賴與憲政運作

"Balance of Power, Path Dependence, and Constitutional Operation in Presidentialization and Parliamentarization of Semi-Presidentialism"

本文主要的研究問題是為何有些半總統制國家會出現總統和總理較為平衡的權力關係，而有些半總統制國家卻是朝向總統化或是朝向議會化（總理化）的方向發展以及不同半總統制的憲政結構和運作經驗如何對其路徑依賴的過程產生影響？本文主要的研究發現是相對總統權力較大的總統國會制運作起來也可能會朝向議會制，相對總理權力較大的總理總統制運作起來也可能會朝向總統為中心的現象。半總統制憲政規範的結構和憲政發展的關鍵經驗之間的相互影響或權力機關的單方優勢會影響後續憲政運作的路徑依賴。本文以法國、波蘭和喬治亞三個國家的例子來說明半總統制運作軌跡中不同的路徑依賴模式。

"The major research questions are why some semi-presidential countries demonstrate balanced relationship between the president and the prime minister, some are towards presidentialization, and others are towards parliamentarization(premierization); how different constitutional structures and operational experiences affect the process of path dependence of constitutional development. The findings are as follows. First, president-parliamentary systems with strong presidential powers can operate towards parliamentarism while premier-presidential systems with strong prime ministerial power can work towards presidentialism. Second, constitutional structures or operational experiences can reinforce with each other or singlehandedly affect the constitutional development of path dependence in semi-presidentialism. This paper takes France, Georgia, and Poland as the examples to explicate different routes of path dependence in the trajectory of semi-presidential operations."