臺灣司法保護的未來創新──日本更生保護制度的啟示

The Innovation of Judicial Protection in Taiwan－Enlightenment from the Rehabilitation Experiences of Japan

臺灣的司法保護體系主要受到日本殖民統治法律現代化的影響，日本所建立的更生保護制度是認識臺灣司法保護體系發展的第一步。日本所強調的更生保護概念，和歐美國家所採行的社區矯治措施，在本質上仍有所不同。日本更生保護制度自二戰後已有相當程度之轉變，並從傳統以個案為主的「更生保護」提升到當代跨部會的整體「再犯防止」綜合對策。臺灣司法保護的發展演進，則隨著有關法規修訂、院檢分隸等因素影響，將沿襲自日本廣義一體、資源可統合運用的更生保護概念，在不同新增身分屬性和機構管轄下，陸續切割相關權責和資源，各自負責所屬的業務，並加入許多採行社區矯治國家所運用的社區監督管理和社區刑罰措施，發展出現行具有臺灣本土特色和對應社會型態的更生人復歸社會作法。本文分就臺灣觀護與日本保護觀察概況、日本更生保護特色作法和借鏡、結論與建議等面向，分別進行討論。其中有關日本更生保護特色作法，則分就政府公部門組織和人力、民間私部門種類和功能、犯罪被害人有關措施、和犯罪預防與再犯防止推進等面向進行說明，並與臺灣現行作法進行比較，提出可行建議，供有關單位規劃推動未來司法保護政策參考。

"Taiwan's judicial protection system is mainly affected by the modernization of law during the Japanese colonial period. The first step in understanding the development of Taiwan's judicial protection system is through the rehabilitation system established by Japan. The concept of rehabilitation emphasized by Japan is different in essence from the community correction measures adopted by some of the western countries. Japan's rehabilitation system has undergone considerable changes since World War II, and it has been upgraded from the traditional“client-based rehabilitation”to the overall ''re-offending prevention comprehensive countermeasures”of contemporary inter-ministerial associations. The development and evolution of judicial protection in Taiwan was followed the revision of relevant laws and regulations, the division of the courts and prosecutor offices, and other factors. It modified the original designed concept of Japan’s rehabilitation that is broadly integrated related protective resources and can be used in a unified manner. Under the jurisdiction of different newly-added identities and institutions, it continue separated related duties, powers and resources, and made the related authorities be responsible for their own respective businesses. Taiwan's judicial protection system had adopted many community-based supervision, management and penal measures from the countries with community corrections experiences, and it had developed the practice of rehabilitating with Taiwanese locally characteristics and corresponding social patterns. This article discusses the general situation of probation systems of Japan and Taiwan, the characteristics of Japan's rehabilitation practices and lessons could be learned, and finally, the conclusions and recommendations. In the part of characteristics of Japan's rehabilitation practices, it is explained in perspectives of public sector organizations and manpower, private sector types and functions, crime victims related measures, and crime prevention and recidivism prevention carry forward. Finally, these experiences of Japan compared with Taiwan’s current practices, and provide feasible advices for the references of planning and promoting future judicial protection policies by the relevant authorities."