困境與精進──明清閱讀史中的朱子「淫詩」說

Dilemma and Development: Zhu Xi’s Theory of“Licentious Poetry”in the History of Ming-Qing Reading

朱熹的「淫詩」，激起持續甚久的爭議，但學者大多局限在經學或文學領域的理論探討。其實，朱熹的「淫詩」，在理論層面上構擬出一種理想的讀者，強調讀者直接面對人欲、「變化氣稟」的道德能力，而這種理論，需要付諸現實讀者的閱讀實踐。以往的研究，都忽視了一個重要問題：實際閱讀情境中的普通讀者（而不是學養精湛的學者），是否能夠、如何能夠實現這個理想目標呢？本文試圖突破傳統經學與文學研究的局限，從朱熹「淫詩」的理論層面轉向閱讀實踐層面。本文先描述朱熹對理想讀者的期待，然後從後世的消極反應與積極反應兩個方向，重新梳理明清《詩經》學者對現實讀者閱讀能力的擔憂及其相應的舉措、現實中的普通讀者對《詩經》〈國風〉「淫詩」的閱讀反應、明清小戲曲閱讀實踐對「淫詩」的改造挪用。希望由此重新審視傳統經典的閱讀效果史，為經學史和閱讀史的結合提供一個視角。

"Due to the identification of more than twenty“poems of elopement”in Shijing詩經, Zhu Xi’s (1130-1200) theory of“licentious poetry”淫詩has been fervently debated for quite some time. However, most research has been confined to theoretical approaches within the fields of literature or classical studies經學. In fact, Zhu’s theory of“licentious poetry”proposes an ideal reader, one which is demanded to possess the moral capability to resist the temptations of human desire, and finally, must be applied to the reading practices of the actual reader. Most scholars have ignored a salient issue: How can the ordinary reader, rather than its sophisticated counterpart, realize this ideal goal? To investigate this matter, the present paper turns our attention away from the traditionally theoretical dimension to a practical one. At first, it delineates Zhu Xi’s expectations of the ideal reader, and then, considering both positive and negative reception from later generations, rethinks the following points: the concerns of Ming and Qing scholars regarding the actual reader’s competence to confront“licentious poetry”and corresponding solutions, the ordinary reader’s response to“licentious poetry”within the practices of reading Shijing, and the appropriation and transformation of the theory of“licentious poetry”in the defense of erotic novels and dramas during the Ming-Qing period. In this way, this paper hopes to provide a case study of how to re-examine approaches adopted by classical studies when investigating the history of reading."