墨家倫理與「權」思想探析

A Thought Probe on Mohist Ethics and Weighing of its Various Levels

墨家倫理思想有不同的階層理論，最高層是價值根源：天志，其次是價值原則：兼愛、義、生等概念，第三層為倫理規範：忠、孝、信、廉、任、仁等德目。在理論上，下層由上層導出，上層理論為其下層論述基礎。在實踐上，行為者首先要有道德覺知，構成倫理思維情境，進而依循倫理規範而行。道德行為的實踐，要以倫理思維情境為前提，而倫理思維情境則以道德覺知為前導。然而在實踐上仍然會遇到一些兩難情境；墨家以「利之中取大，害之中取小」的公利為判準，進行權衡。總之，墨家倫理思想已具備理論之系統、層次與嚴密性，值得現代教育參考。

"This article points out that Mohist ethics have different levels in theory. The highest is the source of value: Will of Haven (天志). The second is the“principle of value,”which includes the concepts of universal love (兼愛), righteousness (義), and life (生). The third level is“ethical norms,”such as, loyalty (忠), filial piety (孝), trustworthiness (信), integrity (廉), responsibility (任), benevolence (仁), etc.In theory, the lower level is derived from the upper level, and the upper level theory is the basis of the lower level discussion. In practice, actors must first have moral awareness, constitute an ethical thinking situation, and then follow ethical norms. The practice of moral behavior must be based on the ethical thinking situation, and the ethical thinking situation must be guided by moral awareness. However, even if the ethical norms play a role, there will still be some dilemmas or conflicts with certain value principles when it comes to moral choices. This involves the Mohist's cognition, reasoning, and weighing. Consider“Big benefits, small harm”as the criterion through the public interests and make trade-offs. In general, Mohist ethics have a theoretical system of hierarchy and rigor. In comparison to modern education, it also has its value worthy of reference."