中國大陸網約車行政管制問題研究

Research on the legal system of market access of online car hailing in China

網約車行業關係到人們的日常出行，屬於公共資源的範疇，其相關管理政策的制定無疑關係到共享經濟的實現。網約車作為共用經濟的產物，在發展過程中爭議不斷，尤其對計程車行業造成巨大衝擊，其行政管制問題已經引起城市高度敏感以及社會廣泛關注，其健康發展直接關係到整個社會和諧穩定。網約車與計程車最根本的衝突在於網約車的出現直接挑戰了國家對計程車領域實行牌照管制的正當性基礎。2016年《網路預約計程車經營服務管理暫行辦法》正式賦予網約車的合法地位，同時對於網約車的准入條件、法律責任、監督檢查等管制做出指導性規定，同時賦予地方政府許可權，根據地區公共交通出行規律的網約車管制模式，鼓勵地方政府根據本地實際情況制定具體實施細則。但是在具體實施過程中，一些地方政府制定的網約車管制細則出現過度設置行政許可的情況。網約車雖然是網路時代的新興產物，但已經與人們日常生活密不可分，就如同手機一樣貼近人們的生活，為人們日常出行帶來巨大便利，甚至改變著人們的出行方式。像網約車這種正處於蓬勃發展階段的新興行業，過去許多相配套的管制措施都是參照計程車行業的管制來制定的。因此，人為地將計程車與網約車的行政管制的標準割裂開來，必然會阻擋二者之間未來融合並軌的腳步。雖然以目前的形勢難以做到同對二者進行統一管制，但這卻應該是未來的發展方向。

"The online car Hailing industry is related to the daily travel of the public and belongs to the category of public resources. The formulation of relevant management policies is undoubtedly related to the realization of public interests. As a product of sharing economy, online car Hailing has been controversial in the development process, especially in the traditional taxi industry. The market access of online car Hailing has aroused the high sensitivity of the city and widespread concern of the society. Its healthy development is directly related to the harmony and stability of the whole society. The most fundamental conflict between online car hailing and traditional taxi is that the emergence of online car Hailing directly challenges the legitimacy foundation of national license plate control in the field of taxi. In 2016, the administrative measures for the operation and service of online reservation taxi officially granted the legal status of online car hailing, and made guiding regulations on the access conditions, legal responsibilities, supervision and inspection of online car Hailing. At the same time, local governments are allowed to make discretionary decisions to encourage local governments to formulate specific implementation rules according to the local actual situation and explore compliance with the local public transport The supervision mode of online car Hailing for travel rules. However, in the specific implementation process, some local governments formulated the rules for the supervision of online car hailing, which has excessive administrative permission. Therefore, after the legalization of online car hailing, there are still many problems to be solved. In the Internet era, the generally established network platform and continuous progress of network technology are bound to promote the use of online car Hailing to provide services in the taxi market to become increasingly common. Therefore, after the deepening reform of taxi industry, the same access supervision mode can be adopted as online car Hailing. Although it is too difficult to carry out unified supervision on them in the current situation, it should be the future development direction."