普京政權下俄羅斯權力網絡與權力菁英分析

An Analysis of Russian Power Networks and Power Elites under Putin

2020年1月梅德韋傑夫辭去總理職位，7月1日通過全民公投修憲。普京總統巧妙地取消了俄羅斯憲法對總統任期限制的規定，從理論上講，他的任期將持續到2036年。然而，通過修改憲法和改組政府，此舉也具體顯示了普京的權力網絡sistema正在面臨危機：以往普京所操控的權力菁英團體已經建立起獨立於普京控制的私人網絡，而普京也漸漸地疏遠舊有的權力菁英，重用年輕且易於控制的科技官僚。俄羅斯是個網絡國家，俄羅斯式的網絡blat和權力網絡sistema對於普京政權下的權力菁英發展與結構影響甚鉅。因此，本文以俄羅斯特有的非正式網絡－blat，進而形成普京政權下的權力網絡sistema，並以傳統俄羅斯的「連帶（無）責任」與蘇聯遺緒的「蘇維埃行政－－命令文化」作為俄羅斯權力菁英網絡sistema的網絡連帶鎖鏈，探討普京的權力網絡。之後，以菁英網絡矩陣分析普京權力菁英結構，最後檢視俄羅斯普京執政（2000年）時期開始迄今俄羅斯權力菁英團體發展、轉變過程，並分析其未來發展。

"Since the resignation of Medvedev as prime minister in January 2020, and the holding of the constitutional referendum in July 2020, experts have agreed that this marks the beginning of a new era in Russia. In theory, Putin could stay in power until 2036. However, by amending the constitution and reorganizing the government, these moves specifically show that Putin's power networks (Putin's sistema) are facing a crisis: the power elite groups controlled by Putin in the past have established their own private networks independently. Putin has also gradually moved away from the old power elites, choosing to use young and easy-to-control technocrats instead. Russia is a network state. The Russian-style networks (blat) and power networks (sistema) have a huge impact on the development and structure of power elites under the Putin regime. Therefore, this article first analyzes Russia's unique informal networks (blat) and power networks (sistema). Afterwards, the author analyzes the structure of the power elites under Putin with the elite network matrix and reviews the development and transformation of Russian power elite groups from 2000 until now."