"法學英文：Pennsylvania v. Inocencio Muniz, 496 U.S. 582 (1990)."

"美國憲法增補條文第五條之不自證己罪特權條款規定：「任何人皆不應被強迫在任何刑事案件中自證其罪」，雖然此一規定並沒有詳述何種方式才可能算是使人自證其罪，但本院很早就裁決不自證己罪特權不保護犯罪嫌疑人被州政府強迫提供「實證或物證」。相反地，不自證己罪特權只保護被告不被強迫自證己罪或提供州政府「證詞證據或意思表示傳達的證據」。因此，被告之意思表示傳達要成為證詞，被告之意思表示傳達本身必須與事實主張或揭露資訊有關。唯有如此才構成強迫一個人自證其罪。The Self-Incrimination Clause of the Fifth Amendment provides that no 'person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.' Although the test does not delineate the ways in which a person might be made a 'witness against himself,' we have long held that the privilege does not protect a suspect from being compelled by the State to produce 'real or physical evidence.' Rather, the privilege 'protects an accused only from being compelled to testify against himself, or otherwise provide the State with evidence of a testimonial or communicative nature.' 'In order to be testimonial, an accused's communication must itself, explicitly or implicitly, relate a factual assertion or disclose information. Only then is a person compelled to be a witness against himself.'"