從跨巨庫觀點論全面探析偵查手法之合憲性問題──以「線上搜索」為檢討起點

伴隨著情報科技與各式感測器之勃興，現代人的生活日常往往離不開各種具有連結虛擬與實境可能性之巨大資料庫，此即所謂跨巨庫。又有關線上搜索此一偵查手法，雖國內業已有論者予以探討，惟渠等皆關注於此一手法本身之合憲性與規制性問題；相對於此，本文則跳脫個別手法之各論性視野框架，改從跨巨庫觀點之總論性視野進一步指出，一種具有「全面性的探索、取得與照合、分析」（簡稱「全面探析」）機能之新偵查手法已經悄然而生，線上搜索不過是其中的一種類型而已，故以之作為檢討的起點。所謂「全面探析」機能，其核心一言以敝之，即能「聚沙成塔，一葉知秋」。所謂「聚沙成塔」可借馬賽克理論予以具體化，而「一葉知秋」則首推大數據預測機能作為代表例。本文之目的，即在於釐清全面探析偵查手法究竟侵害了何種基本權，並以此為前提，進一步檢討其合憲性要件。

"With the development and popularization of information technology and various sensors, everyday life in the modern world is often inseparable from a variety of giant databases that have the possibility of connecting the virtual and the real world (referred to as the across-giant-database). Regarding online-search, although the domestic industry has discussed it, it only pays attention to its own constitutionality and regulatory issues in a microscopic way. By contrast, this paper, from a macro perspective, states that in the era of the across-giant-database the new investigative modes with a kind of function of ""comprehensive exploration, data matching and analysis"" (this paper refers to the function as the catch-all and predictive powers) has been developed, and online-search is just one type of the new modes so takes it as a starting point for review. The core functions of the catch-all and predictive powers, in a word, is“many a little makes a mickle；a straw shows which way the wind blows”. What's meaning by the mode of many a little makes a mickle? It could be embodied by the mosaic theory. The function of the mode of a straw shows which way the wind blows could be shown by predictive powers of big data. The purpose of this article is to clarify what kind of fundamental rights the new investigative mode has infringed on, and to use this as a prerequisite to further review its constitutional requirements."